Crosslinked polymeric ammonium salts

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are novel crosslinked polymeric ammonium salts wherein in said polymeric salt: about 25% or more of the segments which link ammonium nitrogen atoms are group Y wherein Y is an n-alkylene group or alkyl substituted n-alkylene group, wherein said n-alkylene group has 7 to about 20 carbon atoms; zero to about 75% of segments which link ammonium nitrogen atoms are group Z wherein Z is a hydrocarbylene radical containing 2 or more carbon atoms, said hydrocarbylene radical optionally containing one or more hydroxyl, ether, amino, thioether, keto, or silyl groups or heterocyclic rings; and about 25% or more of the ammonium atoms are secondary ammonium atoms.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO EARLIER FILED APPLICATIONS

This is a division of application Ser. No. 08/604,212, filed May 22,1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,284 which is a continuation-in-part ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 081,182,954, filed Jan. 18, 1994, nowabandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. US93/07649, filed Aug. 18, 1993, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/932,449,filed Aug. 20, 1992 now abandoned. The disclosure of these earlier filedapplications is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention concerns novel, crosslinked polymeric ammonium salts andprocesses for their preparation. Uses for these compositions are asabsorbents, adsorbents, electroconductive agents, charge transferagents, chelating agents and ion exchange resins. These salts are alsouseful as bile acid sequestrants, i.e., when administered orally, thepolymers lower blood cholesterol levels in mammals.

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

U.S. Pat. No. 4,071,478 describes the use of crosslinked polymerscontaining quaternary ammonium groups in the polymer backbone which areseparated by trimethylene groups. No mention is made of the use ofpolymers containing ammonium salts which are not quaternary ammoniumsalts.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,775,384 describes the reaction of various organiccompounds containing two halogen groups with various diamines to formpolymeric ammonium salts. These salts are described as water soluble,and are thus not crosslinked. After further reactions, they aredescribed as being useful as fiber finishes.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,147,586 describes the reaction of certain dihaloalkaneswith alkylene diamines to form "adducts" which are water soluble. Theadducts are useful, after reaction with an epihalohydrin, for increasingthe wet strength of paper.

Several different types of bile acid sequestrants are known. Some ofthese are polymers which contain ammonium salts (amine groups in thesalt form) which are bound to or are part of a polymer molecule. Suchpolymers vary in their ability to bind bile acids, their toxicity andtheir ease of administration. Thus, improved bile acid sequestrants arestill being sought.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,383,281 describes the use of crosslinked polymerscontaining amine groups as bile acid sequestrants. In particular, theuse of crosslinked styrenes containing quaternary ammonium groups isdescribed. Such resins, which are also useful as ion exchange resins,are believed to be the active ingredient in the commercially availablecholestyramine which is used to lower blood cholesterol levels.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,009 describes the use of linear (not crosslinked)polymers containing quaternary ammonium groups in the polymer backboneas bile acid sequestrants. The nitrogen atoms of the polymer areconnected by methylene chains of designated size, or other designatedgroups. No mention is made in this patent of the use of crosslinkedpolymers (except as background information), or the use of polymerscontaining ammonium salts that are not quaternary ammonium salts.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,701 describes a crosslinked polymeric materialuseful as a bile acid sequestrant which has amine group on polymerbranches which are end groups. The amine groups are not part of thecrosslinked network.

R. De Simone, et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 67, p.1695-1698 (1978) describes the preparation and use of an analog of"Cholestyramine" which is "microporous".

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention includes crosslinked polymeric ammonium salts, useful asbile acid sequestrants, as absorbents or as charge transfer agents, saidsalts comprising ammonium nitrogen atoms linked by segments to otherammonium nitrogen atoms wherein:

about 25% or more of the segments which link ammonium nitrogen atoms aregroup Y wherein each Y is independently

    --(CR.sup.1 R.sup.2).sub.b -

wherein b is an integer of 7 to about 20, and each R¹ and each R² isindependently alkyl, said alkyl preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms,more preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms or hydrogen;

the remainder of the nitrogen atoms are linked by segments Z whereineach Z is independently a hydrocarbylene radical containing 2 to 50carbon atoms, said hydrocarbylene radical optionally containing one ormore groups, independently selected from the group consisting ofhydroxyl, ether, amino, thioether, keto, or silyl groups andheterocyclic rings;

wherein about 25% or more of the ammonium nitrogen atoms are secondaryammonium nitrogen atoms;

wherein said crosslinked polymeric ammonium salt is insoluble in water;provided that at least some of said ammonium nitrogen atoms are part ofa crosslinked network.

This invention includes a method for sequestering bile acids,comprising, contacting in an aqueous medium a bile acid and acrosslinked polymeric ammonium salt, wherein in said salt:

about 25% or more of the groups which link ammonium nitrogen atoms aregroup Y wherein Y is an n-alkylene group or alkyl substituted n-alkylenegroup, wherein said n-alkylene group has 7 to about 15 carbon atoms;

zero to about 75% of the groups which link ammonium nitrogen atoms aregroup Z wherein Z is a hydrocarbylene radical containing 2 or morecarbon atoms, preferably 2 to 50 carbon atoms, said hydrocarbyleneradical optionally containing one or more groups selected from the groupconsisting of hydroxyl, ether, ester, amino, thioether, keto, silylgroup and heterocyclic rings; and

about 25% or more of the ammonium nitrogen atoms are secondary ammoniumnitrogen atoms.

In the above defined embodiments, it is preferred if substituents, e.g.hydroxy, ether, amino, thioether, keto or silyl group, on thehydrocarbylene contain 1 to 50 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 30carbon atoms.

It is also preferred if the crosslinked polymeric ammonium salt has aB_(max) /K_(d) value for cholate of greater than 0.75.

Included in the present invention are pharmaceutically acceptable saltsand prodrugs of the above described crosslinked polymeric salts.

This invention also includes preferred methods for the preparation ofthe crosslinked polymeric ammonium salts of this invention andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

This invention also includes improved methods for the preparation of thecrosslinked polymeric ammonium salts of this invention having improvedbile acid sequestrant properties, wherein said improved methods comprisecarrying out the polymerization step for the preparation of thecrosslinked polymeric ammonium salt of the invention in the presence ofa template, said template being defined herein below.

The present invention also includes methods for the treatment ofhypercholesterolemia and/or lowering blood plasma cholesterol levels ina mammal comprising administering to a mammal a therapeuticallyeffective cholesterol-lowering amount of a crosslinked polymericammonium salt as described above.

The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositionscomprising a therapeutically effective amount of a crosslinked polymericammonium salt as described above and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier.

Also included in the present invention are pharmaceutical kitscomprising one or more containers containing pharmaceutical dosage unitscomprising a crosslinked polymeric ammonium salt as described above, foruse for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, for sequestering bileacids, and/or for the lowering of blood cholesterol levels.

The crosslinked polymeric ammonium salt compounds of the presentinvention can also be administered in combination with one or moreadditional therapeutic agents. Administration of the crosslinkedpolymeric ammonium salts of the invention in combination with suchadditional therapeutic agent, may afford an efficacy advantage over thecompounds and agents alone, and may do so while permitting the use oflower doses of each. A lower dosage minimizes the potential of sideeffects, thereby providing an increased margin of safety. The presentinvention also includes methods of treating hypercholesterolemia in amammal by administering a crosslinked polymeric ammonium salt asdescribed above in combination with one or more additional therapeuticagents which may be selected from but not limited to: an inhibitor ofacyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT); an inhibitor of3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, such aslovastatin (MEVACOR®); a lipid regulating agents such as gemfibrozil(LOPID®), clofibrate (ATROMID-S®), or probucol (LORELCO®).

DETAILS OF THE INVENTION

The materials used and described herein are crosslinked polymericammonium salts. By crosslinked is meant a polymer which has a networkstructure. A common test to determine if a polymer is crosslinked is totry to dissolve the polymer in a liquid that is normally a solvent forthat polymer. Linear or branched, but not crosslinked, polymers willdissolve in the solvent. Crosslinked polymers do not dissolve, althoughthey may swell to some degree. The polymeric ammonium salts describedherein, when not crosslinked, are generally soluble in water or otherpolar solvents. When crosslinked, the polymeric ammonium salts swell inwater, often to form gel-like materials.

For use as a bile acid sequestrant or for lowering blood plasmacholesterol levels the crosslinked polymeric ammonium salts of thisinvention may be used in dry or nearly dry form or swollen in water. Itis preferred if the polymeric ammonium salt used has a swell factor ofat least about 4, preferably about 5 to 25 and more preferably about 10to 20. The swell factor is taken as the ratio of the weight of waterimbibed by the polymer divided by the weight of the polymer used. It isbelieved that the crosslinked polymeric ammonium salts that swell to thepreferred levels have certain advantages as blood plasma cholesterollevel lowering agents, such as increased capacity to sequester bileacids and soft gel texture which leads to less irritation.

By an ammonium salt or ion is meant a nitrogen atom bonded to four otheratoms, for example in the ammonium ion itself, to four hydrogen atoms.In a primary ammonium ion the nitrogen atom is bonded to three hydrogenatoms and one carbon atom, in a secondary ammonium ion it is bonded totwo carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms, in a tertiary ammonium ion tothree carbon atoms and one hydrogen atom, and in a quaternary ammoniumion to 4 carbon atoms. In the polymeric ammonium salts of the presentinvention, at least 25% of the ammonium nitrogen atoms are secondaryammonium nitrogen atoms, preferably at least about 40%. In one preferredembodiment primary ammonium nitrogen atoms are 15 to 25%, secondaryammonium nitrogen atoms are 40-60%, tertiary ammonium nitrogen atoms are15 to 25% and quaternary ammonium nitrogen atoms are less than 5%, ofall of the total ammonium nitrogen atoms in the polymer. Determinationof what types of ammonium nitrogen atoms are present is illustrated inExample 53.

Each nitrogen atom of an ammonium salt has one positive charge, and acounterion for the positive charge of each ammonium ion is close by. Thecounterion may be any negative ion whose conjugate (Bronsted) acid iscapable of protonating the conjugate base of the ammonium salt. Whenused as a cholesterol lowering agent the counterion should bebiologically compatible, that does not cause substantial undesiredphysiological changes. Suitable biologically compatible counterionsinclude chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, phosphate, acetate,ascorbate, carbonate, bicarbonate, nicotinate, salicylate, tartrate andcitrate. Chloride ion is an especially preferred counterion.

The nitrogen atoms of the ammonium salts (ions) of the polymer arelocated between polymer segments, unless they are end groups. At leastabout 25% of these groups, designated herein as Y, linking thesenitrogen atoms are independently selected from n-alkylene groups having7 to about 20 carbon atoms. By an "n-alkylene" group herein is meant thegroup --(CH₂)_(b) - wherein b is a specified integer, in this instance 7to about 20. Thus, Y can be represented by the formula --(CR¹ R²)_(b) -,where b is an integer from 7 to 20, and each R¹ and R² is independentlyalkyl, preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and more preferably having1 to 10 carbon atoms, or hydrogen. This n-alkylene group Y may also besubstituted with alkyl groups, and is then in effect a branched alkylenegroup. It is preferred if the n-alkylene group has 7 to 14 carbon atoms,and more preferred if it has 9 to 12 carbon atoms. It is contemplatedthat other hydrocarbylene groups, such as ones wherein the distancebetween nitrogen atoms is equivalent to at least 7 methylene groups, arealso operative.

The other nitrogen atoms of the ammonium salts are connected byhydrocarbylene groups, designated herein as Z, containing 2 or morecarbon atoms, preferably 2 to 50 carbon atoms, that is there must be atleast two carbon atoms between the nitrogen atoms. By "hydrocarbylene"herein is meant a divalent radical containing only carbon and hydrogen.The hydrocarbylene group Z may be substituted with various substituentsor contain in-chain groups containing heteroatoms. It is preferred ifthe hydrocarbylene group is saturated. Substituents or in-chain groupsmay include hydroxy, alkoxy, ether, ester, amino, thioether, keto, silylgroups or heterocyclic rings. Preferred substituents are ether and aminogroups. It is preferred if the hydrocarbylene group Z is an n-alkylenegroup containing 2 to 14 carbon atoms. It is also preferred if thesubstituent contains 1 to 50 carbon atoms, more preferably 1-30 carbonatoms, most preferably 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

Many of the nitrogen atoms located between polymer segments Y and Z(alternatively connected by segments Y and Z), assuming Z is present,are part of the crosslinked network of the polymer. The polymer networkmay be thought of as a 3 dimensional latticework, with some segments ofthe lattice not being connected at one end to the lattice. Theseunconnected segments are usually thought of as polymer ends. What ismeant as being "part of the crosslinked network" is that the particularsegment or group (which may contain one or more nitrogen atoms) inquestion is joined at both ends of the segment or group to acrosslinking site (or crosslinking branch point) of the 3 dimensionallattice. Thus, a segment which is connected (eventually) at both ends tothe lattice (and any nitrogen atoms it contains) is "part of thecrosslinked network". It is believed that in these crosslinked polymericammonium salts, nitrogen atoms are often the actual crosslinking branchsites, and of course, these nitrogen atoms are part of the crosslinkednetwork.

As used herein, "alkyl" is intended to include both branched andstraight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having thespecified number of carbon atoms (the number of carbon atoms may bespecified, for example, as "C₁ -C₁₀ " to denote alkyl having 1 to 10carbon atoms). "Alkenyl" is intended to include hydrocarbon chains ofeither a straight or branched configuration and one or more unsaturatedcarbon-carbon bonds which may occur in any stable point along the chain,such as ethenyl, propenyl and the like; and "alkynyl" is intended toinclude hydrocarbon chains of either a straight or branchedconfiguration and one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds which may occurin any stable point along the chain, such as ethynyl, propynyl and thelike.

The terms "alkylene", "alkenylene", "phenylene", "cycloalkylene" and thelike, refer to alkyl, alkenyl, phenyl, and cycloalkyl groups,respectively, which are connected by two bonds to the rest of thestructure of the crosslinked polymer of the present invention. Suchgroups may alternatively and equivalently be denoted as -(alkyl)-,-(alkyenyl)-, -(phenyl)-, -(cycloalkyl)-, and the like, respectively.

As used herein, the term "hydrocarbylene" includes any hydrocarbon groupsuch as, by way of example and without limitation, alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, carbocycle, cycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkylalkyl, alkylcarbocycle,or carbocyclealkyl groups, which are connected by two bonds to the restof the structure of crosslinked polymer of the present invention. By"in-chain" ether, ester, amino, thioether, keto, silyl groups, orheterocyclic rings it is meant that the hydrocarbylene group containsone or more (preferably 1-5 groups, independently selected) in-chain--O--, --OC(═O)--, --C(═O)O--, --NH--, --N(C₁ -C₁₀ alkyl)-, --S--,--C(═O)--, --SiH(C₁ -C₁₀ alkyl)-, --Si(C₁ -C₁₀ alkyl)₂ -, or-(heterocycle)- groups. By "substituent" hydroxy, ether, amino,thioether, keto, silyl groups, or heterocyclic rings it is meant thatthe hydrocarbolene group is substituted with one or more (preferably1-5, independently selected) --OH, --O(C₁ -C₁₀ alkyl), -(C₁ -C₁₀alkyl)O(C₁ -C₁₀ alkyl), --NH₂, --NH(C₁ -C₁₀ alkyl), --NH(C₁ -C₁₀alkyl)₂, --SH, --S(C₁ -C₁₀ alkyl), -(C₁ -C₁₀ alkyl)S(C₁ -C₁₀ alkyl), ═O,(C₁ -C₁₀ alkyl), --SiH(C₁ -C₁₀ alkyl)₂, or -(heterocycle) groups.

As used herein, the term "hydrocarbyl" includes any hydrocarbon groupsuch as, by way of example and without limitation, alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, carbocycle, cycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkylalkyl, alkylcarbocycle,or carbocyclealkyl groups, which are connected by one bond to the restof the structure of crosslinked polymer of the present invention. Suchhydrocarbyl group may contain an in-chain or substituent group asdescribed above for a hydrocarbolene group.

"Alkoxy" represents an alkyl group of indicated number of carbon atomsattached through an oxygen bridge; "alkylthio" represents an alkyl groupof indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an sulfur bridge;"monoalkylamino" and "dialkylamino" represents a N atom substituted with1 or 2 alkyl groups, respectively, of the indicated number of carbonatoms; "cycloalkyl" is intended to include saturated ring groups,including mono-, bi- or poly-cyclic ring systems, such as cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, andadamantyl; and "biycloalkyl" is intended to include saturated bicyclicring groups such as 3.3.0!bicyclooctane, 4.3.0!bicyclononane,4.4.0!bicyclodecane (decalin), 2.2.2!bicyclooctane, and so forth.

As used herein, "carbocycle" or "carbocyclic residue" is intended tomean any stable 3- to 7-membered monocyclic or bicyclic or 7- to14-membered bicyclic or tricyclic or an up to 26-membered polycycliccarbon ring, any of which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, oraromatic. Examples of such carbocyles include, but are not limited to,cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl,indanyl, adamantyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl (tetralin).

As used herein, the term "heterocycle" or "heteroaryl" or "heterocyclicring" is intended to mean a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic orbicyclic or 7- to 10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring which may besaturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic, and which consists ofcarbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from thegroup consisting of N, O and S and wherein the nitrogen and sulfurheteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen may optionallybe quaternized, and including any bicyclic group in which any of theabove-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to a benzene ring. Theheterocyclic ring may be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatomor carbon atom which results in a stable structure. The heterocyclicrings described herein may be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogenatom if the resulting compound is stable. Examples of such heterocyclesinclude, but are not limited to, pyridyl (pyridinyl), pyrimidinyl,furanyl (furyl), thiazolyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl,tetrazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, indolyl, indolenyl,quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl,pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidonyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl,tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl oroctahydroisoquinolinyl, azocinyl, triazinyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl,2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, thiophenyl, thianthrenyl, pyranyl,isobenzofuranyl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, phenoxathiinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl,pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl,pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl,3H-indolyl, indolyl, 1H-indazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl,isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl,quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, 4aH-carbazole, carbazole,β-carbolinyl, phenanthridinyl, acridinyl, perimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl,phenazinyl, phenarsazinyl, phenothiazinyl, furazanyl, phenoxazinyl,isochromanyl, chromanyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolidinyl,imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl,indolinyl, isoindolinyl, quinuclidinyl, morpholinyl or oxazolidinyl.Also included are fused ring and spiro compounds containing, forexample, the above heterocycles.

The term "substituted", as used herein, means that any one or morehydrogen on the designated atom or group is replaced with a selectionfrom the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normalvalency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stablecompound. When a substitent is keto (i.e., ═O), then 2 hydrogens on theatom are replaced.

One method of preparing the instant polymeric ammonium salts comprisesthe reaction of a bifunctional organic compound with a diamine compoundsaid diamine compound having two primary amines. As used herein, theterm bifunctional organic compound refers to a compound which may berepresented by the formula X--Y--X and/or X--Z--X, where Y and Z aredefined above, and X is a suitable leaving group useful for aminealkylation reactions. X may be independently selected from, but notlimited to, the following: halides, epoxides, derivatized alcohols,sulfonate esters, aziridines, episulfides, sulfate esters, diazo groups.Other suitable leaving groups for amine alkylation reactions will berecognized by one of skill in the art of organic synthesis. Examples ofsuch suitable leaving groups are found in "Advanced OrganicChemistry"(3rd edition, J. March. ed., 1985), the disclosure of which ishereby incorporated by reference. Said bifunctional organic compound mayalso be referred to herein as the "alkylating agent". Y or Z, as definedabove, is the group to which the suitable leaving group functionalitiesare bound.

The diamine compound may be represented by H₂ N--Y--NH₂ and/or H₂N--Z--NH₂, where Y or Z, as defined above, is the group to which the twoamino groups are bound. In order to obtain the desired polymer, at leastsome of the bifunctional organic compound (for example, dihalide) and/orsome of the diamine must contain Y as described above. In order tooptimally obtain the desired polymer it has been found that the Y or Zgroup should be of such a size that the suitable leaving groups (forexample, halogen atoms) are the equivalent of about 7 or more methylenegroups apart, that is be separated by 7 methylene groups or anequivalent distance if not separated by methylene groups. It is believedthat if this minimum separation of the bifunctional organic compoundleaving groups is not present, the bifunctional organic compound tendsto "back bite" after the first leaving group has reacted with an amine,to give an undesirable cyclic structure. Thus, it is often convenient(but not necessary) that the bifunctional organic compound be X--Y--X.Groups Y and Z may be selected independently at each position in aparticular polymer.

Useful bifunctional organic compounds are preferably dihalides andinclude, but are not limited to, 1,10-dibromodecane,1,12-dibromododecane, 1,8-dibromooctane, 1,18-dibromooctadecane,1,9-dibromononane, 1,7-dibromoheptane, 1,8-diiodooctane,1,8-dibromo-3-ethyloctane, and 1,9-dibromodecane. Useful diaminesinclude, but are not limited to, ethylene diamine, 1,6-diaminohexane,1,12-diaminododecane, 2-methyl-1,5-diaminopentane,1,4-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, 1,3-diaminopentane, diethylenetriamine,1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine, 1,4-cyclohexanediamine,5-amino-1-aminomethyl-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexane, 1,3-propanediamine,1,4-butanediamine, 1,5-pentanediamine, 1,7-heptanediamine,1,8-diaminooctane, 1,9-diaminononane, 1,10-diaminodecane,1,11-diaminoundecane, 2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediamine, and4,4'-methylene-bis(cyclohexylamine). More than one diamine and/orbifunctional organic compound may be used so long as the limitationsimposed on the polymeric structure are met, for example, at least about25% of the total groups Y and Z should be Y.

The polymeric ammonium salts can also be made by reaction of a diaminewith a diepoxide. In this case, it is the diamine in which the nitrogenatoms are connected by an n-alkylene group (which may be alkylsubstituted) containing 7 to about 20 carbon atoms. See Examples 57-63for the preparation of such sequestrants. After synthesis of thesepolymers, the ammonium salts are formed by neutralization of the amineswith acids.

The polyamines (and their salts), as described herein, may have nitrogenatoms that are further substituted, typically by reaction with(substituted) alkyl halides to form for example, secondary amine (salts)from primary amines, and tertiary amines from secondary amines. However,in the resulting polyamine (salt), 25% or more of the amino (ammonium)nitrogen atoms should still be secondary. The group Q which is furthersubstituted on a nitrogen is a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 50carbon atoms, and may contain one or more, preferably 1 to 5, in-chainor substituent hydroxy, ether, amino, thioether, keto, silyl groups orheterocyclic rings. It is preferred if Q contains 1-30 carbon atoms.Such polyamine salts are described in Examples 39 to 50, 69 and 70.

The present invention also includes improved processes for thepreparation of the crosslinked polymeric ammonium salts (comprising Yand optionally Z groups, as defined above) of the present invention. Theprocess for the preparation of the crosslinked polymeric ammonium saltsof the invention comprises a polymerization step (including gelation)and also preferably comprises one or more of the following steps (whichare further described in detail below): a purification step; an ionexchange step; a size reduction; and a drying step. These additionalsteps may be carried out sequentially in any order or may be carried outconcurrently or in combination with one another (i.e., as a singlestep). The size reduction step may be carried out after either thepolymerization, purification, drying, or ion exchange steps. Additionalsteps may be added, some steps may be combined and/or done in the sameequipment, and/or the order of some steps may be changed in order toimprove the overall process. By way of example and without limitation,the purification and ion exchange steps may be carried out concurrentlyin a single combined step; polymerization and size reduction may becombined; drying and size reduction may be combined; there may bemultiple size reduction steps; polymerization, size reduction,purification, and ion exchange may be done in the same equipment;purification, ion exchange, and size reduction may be combined and/ordone in the same equipment; and other such combinations and/or exchangesmay be done which would improve the overall process. The process andconditions for the preparation of the crosslinked polymeric ammoniumsalts include, but are not limited to, those processes and conditionsdescribed in detail below.

Polymerization

In general, the polymerization step (including gelation) is conducted insuch a manner as to allow control of the reactant mole ratio,temperature, time, solvent composition, reagent feed rate, order andmode of reagent addition, monomer concentration, mixing and otherreaction variables. The polymeric ammonium salts can be made from theabove described diamines and bifunctional organic compounds (forexample, dihalides or diepoxides) by dissolving the reactant monomers,either separately or together, in a suitable solvent, typically a polarsolvent, such as described below. The reactants are then mixed undercontrolled conditions using a suitable reactor. Following heating andagitation, the reaction mixture forms a gel or granular crumb-likesolid, i.e. undergoes gelation as discussed below. At this point, thecrude polymeric ammonium salts are ready for purification, ion exchange,size reduction, and/or drying if so desired.

By "gelation" is meant the point at which the polymer becomes insolubledue to crosslinking. In a suitable solvent, a swollen gel will form atthe point at which the polymer becomes insoluble. The gel may become acrumb-like solid upon breaking either by agitation in the reactor orhigh shear milling, as described below.

The suitable solvent used in the polymerization reaction step may be asingle compound or a mixture of compounds. All of the starting materialsthat react to form the crosslinked polymer should be soluble in thesolvent. Useful solvents include polar compounds, such asN,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide,hexamethyl phosphoramide (HMPA), n-methyl pyrolidone (NMP), isopropanol,methanol, ethanol and other lower alcohols and lower ethers. These maybe used in combination with each other or alone. Especially preferredsolvents are mixtures of N,N-dimethylformamide and methanol orN,N-dimethylacetamide and methanol.

In the polymerization, the reactant monomer concentrations of thereactant solutions, when taken individually, range from 5% to 60% byweight (wt) relative to the total reaction solution weight. After mixingof the reactant solutions, the overall monomer concentration in thereactor is 5% to 60% by wt where the preferred operating range is 35% to45% by wt. If the reactants are dissolved together in the solvent, theoverall solids loading, or monomer concentration, in the reactor is 5%to 60% by wt where the preferred operating range is 35% to 45% by wt.The monomer concentration in the reaction may effect the crosslinkdensity of the product polymer.

The mole ratio of reactants as well is controlled during thepolymerization. Approximately equimolar amounts of the diamine andalkylating agent are reacted. A suitable range for the mole ratio of thediamine compound to bifunctional organic compound is about 0.9-1.4,wherein the preferred range is about 1.0-1.20. The preferred range maybe selected to produce a polymer product having the desired crosslinkdensity, as discussed below.

The polymerization may be carried out under a wide range oftemperatures, ranging from about -5° C. to the boiling points of thesolvents (or lower boiling ingredient). In general, the practicaloperating temperatures are -5° C.-45° C. during the initial reactantmixing and 60°C.-120° C. following the initial reactant mixing. Thepreferred ranges are 0° C.-40° C. and 75° C.-85° C., respectively. Thecooler initial reactant mixing temperature allows for control(reduction) of quaternary amine formation.

The polymerization step may be carried out in the presence or absence ofa suitable base to neutralize the acid by-product of the polymerizationreaction if an acid by-product is produced by the polymerizationreaction. Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, sodiumcarbonate or potassium carbonate. Such suitable base is preferablypresent in an amount of 1-50 mole % relative to the bifunctional organiccompound, and preferably in the amount of 10-25 mole %.

The reaction time for the polymerization step may be varied widelyaccording to the diamine and bifunctional organic compound (alsoreferred to herein as an alkylating agent) combination being used. Ingeneral, the reaction will take a few minutes to several days before thegelled crosslinked polymeric ammonium salt of the invention is formed.The most typical range is 3-24 hours before gelation occurs with anadditional 1-16 hour hold period to ensure completion of reaction.

The polymerization reaction is preferably mixed or agitated during thereaction. The intensity of reaction mixing can be changed duringdifferent stages of the reaction. Preferably, the reaction mixture iswell stirred prior to the gel point or gelation. Mixing during and aftergelation is not critical on the small scale, however, on the largemultikilogram reaction scale, mixing during and after the gelationbecomes important. Mixing during the polymerization reaction alsofacilitates product removal by preventing the polymer from forming asingle solid mass in the reactor and the gel particle size can becontrolled by the judicious selection of the mixing speeds. In general,the faster the mixing during and after gelation, the smaller is theresulting gel particle size of the polymeric ammonium salt present inthe reactor.

The rate and order of reactant addition to the reactor may becontrolled. In general, the reactants may be added either concurrentlyor sequentially in any order separately into the reactor. When addedsequentially, it is preferred that the rate of addition of the secondreactant to the first reactant in the reactor, be sufficiently fast soas to minimize addition of the second monomer after gelation of thereaction mixture. When the reactant monomers are added concurrently tothe reactor, the reactant rate of addition is not critical. Thereactants may be added at the same rate (based on equivalents, volumes,and/or weights) where completion of addition for both reactants issimultaneous ("cofeeding"), or the reactants may be added at differentrates such that the completion of addition for either reactant continuesbeyond completion of addition of the other, but preferably prior togelation.

Suitable reactor equipment for the polymerization reaction will dependon the scale of reaction. Polymerization is preferably carried out in areactor suitable for mixing the liquid solvents and solid materialswhile maintaining temperature control of the reactor's ingredients. Onthe small scale, a conventional flask, optionally with a paddle agitatorwill suffice. However, on the large scale efficient high shear turbulentbulk mixing is preferred. It is preferred to use a mixer/reactor whichis suitable for mixing the polymerization reaction throughout thetransition of the reaction from a very low viscosity to a thick solutionand then to a gel crumb while maintaining temperature control.Appropriately designed continuous flow reactors such as, by way ofexample and without limitation, extruders, heat exchangers, in-linemixer and/or a combination of mixer reactors and continuous flow throughreactors may also be used.

The crosslink density (as measured by the swell factor in water) of thecrosslinked polymeric ammonium salt of the invention can be controlledby judicious use of solvents, temperature and reaction time during thepolymerization step. Other factors affecting crosslink density aremonomer mole ratios and concentrations used in the reaction. Somesolvents (e.g. H₂ O, acetonitrile, ethers, EtOH), when used alone,produce polymers that swell very little in water. Mixtures of solventsand solvents such as MeOH can produce highly swellable polymers. Shortreaction times and/or lower temperatures produce less crosslinking and ahigher degree of swelling.

Crosslinking can also be accomplished by using small amounts of tri- orhigher functionality amines, epoxides or halides (see Example 67).Crosslinking can also be accomplished by exposing the uncrosslinkedpolymeric ammonium salt to ionizing radiation.

In the embodiment mentioned above, when used for bile acidsequestration, the polymeric ammonium salt preferably should have aswell factor of at least about 4 in water. The degree of swellability ofthe polymer is determined by several major factors. One of these is thedegree of salt formation in the polymer, that is what percentage of theamino nitrogen atoms present are in their salt form. The higher thispercentage, the more the polymer will swell. It is preferred if at least80% of the amino groups are in their salt form, and more preferred if atleast about 90% are in the salt form. Included within the definition of"polymeric ammonium salt" herein is a polymer where at least about 50%of the amino groups in the polymer are in their salt form. Anotherfactor controlling swellability is the hydrophilicity of the groupsbetween nitrogen atoms. Generally, the more carbon atoms these groupscontain, the less hydrophilic they are, and the less the polymer willswell in water. The swell may be affected by the selection ofcounterion. The final controlling factor is crosslink density.Typically, the higher the crosslink density, the less the polymer willswell.

The conditions during polymer synthesis and handling affect thesefactors. Thus, swell increases with decreasing monomer concentration inthe reaction solution, undergoing a sharp increase at high dilution. Thereaction time is also important. The reactants react to form highermolecular weight polymer at longer incubation times. Reactiontemperature contributes to MW growth, with elevated reactiontemperatures producing higher molecular weight (more crosslinks) inshorter periods of time. The workup procedure also removes low molecularweight polymer and decreases swell. Washing the product with aqueousbase, then with acid, shrinks and reswells the polymer, squeezing outsoluble components. This effect is exploited during the purification andion exchange steps below. A further reduction in swell is observed aftercontinuously extracting the polymer with an organic solvent, followed bywater, in a Soxhlet apparatus.

The choice of solvent for the polymerization has a large effect on theswellability of the final product. A swell of essentially zero isobtained in media which do not dissolve the reactants. Swell is very lowin interfacial systems in which dibromodecane is dissolved in an organicphase and hexamethylenediamine in water. The swell can also becontrolled by neutralizing the acid by-product, which is generated, bythe addition of bases such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate oran organic amine. Other nonnucleophilic bases may also be used. Theformation of higher swell polymers is promoted by solvents whichdissolve both reactants, especially dipolar, aprotic solvents.

Purification and Counterion Exchange of Product Polymer

In processes for preparing the polymers of the present invention, thereis usually some amount of impurities such as solvent, unreactedreactants, some oligomers, and/or polymeric but not crosslinkedproducts. Also present is the polymeric ammonium salt counterion. Also,if a template (as discussed herein below) is included in thepolymerization step, such template is removed from the desired productpolymeric ammonium salt polymer by such purification step. If it isdesired to remove this uncrosslinked (and therefore soluble) fraction,this can be done by extracting the crosslinked (insoluble) polymericammonium salt with a suitable solvent for extraction in which theuncrosslinked fraction dissolves, such as water, alcohols, or othersolvents suitable for such extraction (the polymeric ammonium saltpolymer product is not soluble in this extraction solvent). See forinstance Example 1A and 1B. If it is desired, the purification step(removal of impurities) and the ion exchange step (to change of thepolymeric ammonium salt counterion) can be carried out and accomplishedsimultaneously by way of adding a suitable solvent to form a gel, addinga base, such as ammonium hydroxide or NaOH, to form a salt with theoriginal counterion, removing the salt by washing the polymer, and thenreacidifying with the conjugate acid of the counterion desired.Procedures of this type are well known in the art. Suitable bases forthe extraction purification and ion exchange steps include inorganicbases, such as ammonia, metal hydroxides, metal alkoxides, metalcarbonates, and organic bases, such as organic amines. Suitable acidsfor the extraction purification and ion exchange steps include inorganicacids, such as HCl, and organic acids, such as alkyl and aromatic acids.

The solvents used for the purification and/or ion exchange steps arethose in which the materials needed for ion exchange are at leastsomewhat soluble and preferably those that swell the polymer such as, byway of example and without limitation, the following solvents (ormixtures thereof): water, alcohols, polar protic solvents, polar aproticsolvents, solvents containing the conjugate acid of the desiredcounterion, solvents containing the desired base for removal of theundesired original couterion, and solvents containing salts of thedesired counterions. It is preferred to use water and one or more of theabove listed bases or acids for the ion exchange step in the process. Itis preferred that the solvents be sufficiently volatile to allowrelatively easy removal during drying.

The pH of the product polymer following purification and counterionexchange should preferably be in the range of about pH 2-8 and morepreferably pH 3-7.

Methods used for the separation of solids and liquids in the extractionpurification of the polymeric ammonium salt product include, but are notlimited to, Soxhlet extraction, filtration, centrifugation, and/or othersuch methods used for the separation of solids and liquids.Counter-current extraction methods may be used in the purification step.In applying such methods for the physical separation of solids andliquids, a wide variety of equipment may be employed. These include butare not limited to metal or polymer based screens, cloths, fritted orscintered glass or metal, depth filtration medium, and/or membranes. Theoptimal means for separation will vary according to the specificpolymeric ammonium salt, the solvent and/or solvent mixture beingemployed, and the state of ionization of the polymer.

Gel Particle Size Reduction of Product Polymer

Size reduction (also referred to herein as milling) of the polymericammonium salt gel particles obtained after or during eitherpolymerization, purification, ion exchange and/or drying may beaccomplished by several means.

As discussed above, gel particle size reduction of the product polymeris typically and preferably accomplished during the polymerization stepby mixing or agitation of the reaction in the reactor.

The particle size reduction may be done in either the wet, damp, frozenor dry state of the crosslinked polymeric ammonium salt product. Milltypes useful for particle size reduction include, but are not limitedto, a pin mill, hammer mill, cutting mill, rotor-stator mill, mediamill, attritor, jet mill, air classifying mill, opposing air jet mill,and/or sonicator. The milling may be done on either a batch, semibatch,or continuous flow through basis, the preference of either beingdictated by the location of the mill step in the process, the state ofthe polymeric ammonium salt, the solvent content of the polymer, thedegree to which the polymer is swollen, and the improvement of overallprocess efficiency. Depending on the specific step within the processafter which the size reduction step is done, the judicious selection anduse of the appropriate mill method will produce the desired particlesize range polymeric ammonium salt particles.

When size reduction is done in the wet state, the solvent used forslurrying the polymer may be either a swelling or nonswelling solventdepending on the type of milling under consideration. When sizereduction is done in the damp or dry state it is possible for acombination drying-milling or purification-milling operation to be done.When size reduction is done in the dry state, the polymer may be milledat several temperature ranges: cryogenic, such as liquid nitrogen orcarbon dioxide; ambient; and elevated, up to ˜150° C. (belowtemperatures which may cause significant degradation of the polymer).

Drying of Product Polymer

The polymeric ammonium salt product of the present invention ispreferably dried so as to remove solvent. By drying is meant the removalof solvent from the polymer matrix. Methods commonly used by thoseskilled in the art of drying may be employed. Methods for dryinginclude, but are not limited to, tray drying, spray drying, flashdrying, rotary paddle drying (either vertical or horizontal, and/oragitated drying, wherein the polymer is exposed to heat, vacuum, and/ordry gas convection to effect the removal of solvent.

When polymeric ammonium salts are wetted with higher boiling solvents,drying time is longer than when they are wetted with lower boilingsolvents, and it may be desirable to perform a solvent displacement. Forexample, a polymeric ammonium salt wetted with water will takeapproximately five fold longer to dry than the same polymer wetted withmethanol when the same drying method is employed. The solventdisplacement may be accomplished by several means which include, but arenot limited to, azeotropic distillation, direct displacement, or saltingout.

In azeotropic distillation, the polymeric ammonium salt wetted with theundesired solvent is heated in the desired solvent and an azeotropicdistillation performed. Azeotropic distillation will only work if thetwo solvents under consideration form an azeotrope. For example, a waterwetted polymeric ammonium salt may be azeotropically distilled intoluene to effect removal of the water.

In direct displacement, the polymeric ammonium salt wetted with theundesired solvent is placed in an apparatus which allows for thephysical separation of solids and liquids, as described above. Thesecond solvent is added to the already wetted polymer and after asuitable equilibration time, the solvents are removed. Repeated exposureof the wetted polymer to the desired solvent will eventually effect adisplacement of the undesired solvent. For example, water wettedpolymeric ammonium salts, placed in a filtration apparatus, would betreated with alcohol and allowed to equilibrate. Following filtration,the mother liquor would now contain both the desired and undesiredsolvent. Repeated treatment, with alcohol, of the polymer in thefiltration equipment will ultimately effect displacement of the water bythe alcohol.

In salting out, a polymeric ammonium salt wetted with water, or othersalt dissolving solvent, is treated with an inorganic salt, either solidor dissolved in a solution, to effect a collapse of the polymer matrixwith concommitant desolvation, i.e., the change in solvent dielectricconstant, by the addition of salt, causes the polymer to collapse andsqueeze out the undesired polymer. The degree to which the polymericammonium salt matrix collapses may be related to the concentration ofsalt in solution. Salts that may be used for salting out include, butare not limited to, metal halides, metal carbonates, metal phosphates,metal sulfates, and metal carboxylates. For example, when a water wettedpolymeric ammonium salt is treated with NaCl, either solid or insolution, the polymer matrix collapses and initially polymer bound watermay then be readily filtered off.

Depending on the polymeric ammonium salt being produced, the appropriatemethod for drying is chosen. The judicious use of either of thesedescribed drying methods will result in the preparation of polymericammonium salts containing the desired amount of solvent.

During the drying operation, it may be desirable to control final gelparticle size. This may be accomplished by performing the dryingoperation in a piece of equipment equipped with appropriate high shearagitation.

Templating

The in vivo efficacy of polymeric crosslinked bile acid sequestrants maybe improved by carrying out the gelation of the polymer (during thepolymerization step described above) in the presence of a "sequestrantenhancer", also referred to as "template" herein. The terms "template","template material", "templating agent" or "sequestrant enhancer", asused herein, means a chemical substance which is substantially inert tothe reaction, reaction starting materials and products, and that effectsan enhancement of the bile acid sequestering property of the polymerproduct.

The present invention includes improved methods for the preparation ofthe crosslinked polymeric ammonium salt polymer (comprising Y and Zgroups, as defined above) of the present invention, wherein theimprovement comprises carrying out the polymerization and/or gelationstep for the synthesis of such crosslinked polymeric ammonium saltpolymer in the presence of a template, thereby to enhance the bile acidsequestrant properties of such crosslinked polymeric ammonium saltpolymer.

Templates, as described herein, may be used in the polymerization and/orgelation process for the synthesis of other bile acid sequestrantpolymers, other than the crosslinked polymeric ammonium salts of thepresent invention comprising Y and Z groups as described above. Thus,the present invention also includes improved methods for the preparationof other bile acid sequestrant polymers, wherein the improvementcomprises carrying out the polymerization and/or gelation step for thesynthesis of such other bile acid sequestrant polymer in the presence ofa template, thereby to enhance the bile acid sequestrant properties ofsuch other bile acid sequestrant polymer. Such "other bile acidsequestrant polymer" includes, but is not limited to, colestipolhydrochloride and cholestyramine.

Scanning electron micrographs of the crosslinked polymers of theinvention prepared in the presence of the templates generally show aporous or reticulated structure with pore size ranging from about 1 to300 microns depending on the overall particle size of the crosslinkedpolymer. This is in contrast to the appearance of the same crosslinkedpolymeric materials prepared in the absence of templates which exhibitessentially no porous structures.

For convenience, and it is preferred, the templates should be added atthe beginning of the crosslinking and/or polymerization reaction.Normally, the template will remain in the gel until it is removed, as bysolvent extraction (as discussed above and further below).

The process for the synthesis of the uncrosslinked polymers of theinvention is carried out in solution (until gelation occurs, at whichtime the bile acid sequestrant being formed becomes crosslinked andinsoluble), in the sense that the starting materials which react to formthe crosslinked polymer are in solution. If a template is used, it maybe soluble, partially soluble, or insoluble in the reaction medium (thesolvent and starting materials for the crosslinked polymer).

The template should be soluble in a solvent (not necessarily the solventused in the crosslinking process) so that it can be separated from thecrosslinked polymeric bile acid sequestrant which is produced in theinstant process. This separation would occur during the purificationstep of the present invention. For instance, the template may beseparated from the crosslinked polymer by extraction of the crosslinkedpolymer with a solvent in which the template is soluble. This can be thesame solvent as used in the instant process if a soluble polymer is usedas the template. Solvent extraction also encompasses use of a solvent asthe extractant which chemically converts the enhancer to a solublematerial, while not substantially, affecting the polymer structure ofthe crosslinked polymer. For example, an aqueous acid, such as aqueousHCl, may be used to convert the template to a soluble material. HCl mayalso convert the polymeric ammonium salt to a chloride. Thus, thesolvent used to remove the template from the crosslinked polymer of theinvention may change the salt form of the crosslinked polymer. Afterextraction of the template, the crosslinked polymeric bile acidsequestrant may, if desired, be isolated in pure form by removal of theextraction solvent, as by filtration and/or evaporation in air or undervacuum.

Templates which are insoluble in the reaction medium may, preferably,have a particle size of less than about 1000 microns (measured as beingable to pass through a sieve of that size), more preferably less thanabout 600 microns. Such particle sizes may be made, for example bygrinding a solid substance, or by dispersing a liquid substance(including a polymer) in the solvent beforehand using high shear.Dispersion of the insoluble template during the process can bemaintained by simple means, such as agitation.

The template should not interfere in the reaction(s), as describedearlier, which form the crosslinked polymer of the invention, and shouldnot, itself, become part of the chemical structure of the crosslinkedpolymer. The enhancer should also not strongly coordinate with any ofthe starting materials for the crosslinked polymeric bile acidsequestrant, or the crosslinked polymer itself.

Polymers for use as templates include both natural and syntheticpolymers, including both thermoplastics and elastomers. Useful polymersinclude, but are not limited, to polyacrylates, polymethacrylates,polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(vinyl acetate), various starches, cornproducts such as amaizo, amylose and zein, pectin, alkoxylatedcelluloses, polyesters and polyethers.

Representative organic polymeric template substances also includecellulose polymers (such as ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose,methylcellulose, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), polyethylene glycol,proteins, nucleic acids, albumin, gelatin, starch, collagen, dextran andmodified dextrans, polysaccharides, polylactide/polyglycolide,polyalkylcyanoacrylates, polyacrylamide, polysorbates, polyethyleneethers and esters, and polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene block polymers.

Suitable templates may also include natural and synthetic gums (such asacacia, tragacanth, or sodium alginate), sodium oleate, sodium stearate,magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, agar, bentonite,xanthan gum, phospholipids (such as cholesterol, stearylamine, orphosphatidylcholines), and soluble polymers such aspolyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer,polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol,polyhydroxyethylaspartamidephenol, or polyethyleneoxidepolylysinesubstituted with palmitoyl residues. Other polymers useful as templatesmay include polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylacticand polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyricacid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans,polycyanoacylates, and crosslinked or amphipathic block copolymers ofhydrogels. Preferred polymers include poly(2-hyroxyethyl methacrylate),polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(vinyl acetate), potato starch, wheat starch,pea starch, gellan gum, welan gum, rhamsam gum, xanthan gum, amaizo,amylose, zein, pectin, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose,polyester glycols and polyether glycols. Nonpolymeric templates include,but are not limited to: mono- or disaccharides, such as galactose,lactose, trehalose, and sucrose; steroid derivatives, cholesterolderivatives, bile acid derivatives, such as cholesterol esters, sodiumcholate, methyl cholate, and cholesteryl chloride; and inorganicmaterials and salts, such as metal halides (for example, KCl and NaCl),metal carbonates, borates and phosphates (and salts thereof). Alsouseful as templates are metal carboxylates, such as acetates,propanates, butyrates, salicylates, gluconates, ascorbates, citrates,and salts thereof. Inorganic material useful as a template in thepresent invention includes borates and phosphates (and salts thereof) inthe form of monomeric salts or as polymeric forms, or as mixtures ofmonomeric and polymeric forms. The inorganic material may be in acrystalline and amorphous form, or a mixture of crystalline andamorphous forms. Preferred lower molecular weight templates aretrehalose, sodium chloride, methyl cholate and cholesteryl chloride.

One or more of the above-described templates may be used in combinationin a particular polymerization and/or gelation step for the synthesis ofthe crosslinked polymers of the present invention.

The proportions of the various reaction ingredients (reactant startingmaterials, template, solvent) for the polymerization/gelation in thepresence of template may be selected as described above for thepolymeriziation step (as in the absence of template). The stoichiometryof the materials (i.e., monomers and/or polymers) which will form thecrosslinked polymer may be important to obtaining the preferred desiredcrosslinked polymer, as it is in the absence of template, as describedabove. Useful proportion ranges of the template are 5 to 500 percent byweight (of the entire reaction mass) of template, 5 to 500 percent byweight of solvent and 5 to 500 percent by weight of the materials whichwill form the crosslinked polymer.

The improved polymeric ammonium salts with enhanced bile acid bindingproperties which are prepared using a template, may be further processedas described above by purification, ion exchange, size reduction, and/ordrying.

The polymeric ammonium salts of the present invention are useful as bileacid sequestrants (which lower blood plasma cholesterol levels),moisture or solvent absorbents, electroconductive agents, chargetransfer agents, chelating agents and ion exchange resins.

Preferred compositions herein of the polymeric ammonium salts which areuseful as bile acid sequestrants have a B_(max) /K_(d) value for cholateof greater than 0.75, more preferably 1.0 or more. B_(max) is themaximum amount of bile acid (in this case cholate) bound per unit ofcrosslinked polymer of the invention, wherein B_(max) is expressed inunits of μmol of bile acid (in this case cholate) bound per mg of drycrosslinked polymer of the invention. K_(d) (or Kd) is the concentrationof free bile acid (in this case cholate) at which there is half-maximalbinding of the bile acid to the crosslinked polymer of the invention. Kdis expressed in units of mM. The binding of bile acid to the crosslinkedpolymer of the invention may be measured using the procedures describedherein below. The B_(max) and Kd values are determined by best-fitregression fitting the binding data using either Equation 1 or Equation2, below:

     Bound!=(B.sub.max × Free!.sup.n)/((Kd).sup.n + Free!.sup.n)Equation1

where Bound! and Free! are the concentration of polymer-bound and freebile acid (in this case cholate), respectively, and n is a curve fittingparameter.

The ligand-ligand interaction model isotherm that is used is representedby Equation 2:

    B=(B.sub.max /2){1+((F/Kd)-1)/Sqrt ((F/Kd)-1).sup.2 +4F/W×Kd)!}Equation 2

where F is the free bile acid concentration; W is the ligand ligandinteraction parameter or cooperativity parameter; and Sqrt is the squareroot of the quantity in brackets. (See McGhee and Von Hippel, J. Mol.Biol., 86: 469-489 (1974); Chemistry, Part III, C. Cantor and P.Schimmel (1980), pages 878-885 and pages 1242-1251.)

As noted above, a utility for the crosslinked polymeric ammonium saltsof the present invention is as bile acid sequestrants for lowering bloodplasma cholesterol in mammals. Coronary and peripheral vascular diseasesare major problems in Western society and elevated blood cholesterollevels is one of the major risk factors in the development ofatheroscherosis in animals as well as in humans. Several studies usinglipid-lowering agents have shown the beneficial effects of loweringcholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in theprevention of coronary heart disease.

The only quantitatively significant way by which the body can eliminatecholesterol is via the bile, either by excretion of the sterol inunchanged form or after its conversion into bile acids. Cholesterol iscatabolized in the liver to bile acids which are transported to theintestine through the bile ducts to facilitate the uptake of dietarylipids.

About 95% of bile acids secreted to the gut are reabsorbed. A smallamount of bile acids are lost and excreted with feces. The losses arecompensated for by new synthesis. In animals and in man, treatment withbile acid binding resins such as cholestyramine, which bind bile acidsin the intestine and prevent their reabsorption, increases fecal bileacid excretion. The increased fecal loss of bile acids is balanced bystimulation of bile acid synthesis from cholesterol in the liver, andthere is a resulting decrease in plasma cholesterol levels. It has beenshown that plasma cholesterol lowering after bile acid sequestranttreatment is due to increased hepatic cholesterol uptake via enhancedLDL receptor activity.

As described in the Examples below, the crosslinked polymeric ammoniumsalts of the present invention efficiently bind bile acids and areeffective in lowering plasma cholesterol levels when administered toanimals.

Also included in the present invention are pharmaceutically acceptablesalts and prodrugs of the above-described crosslinked polymeric ammoniumsalts. As used herein, "prodrugs" refer to derivatives of the disclosedcompounds made by modifying functional groups present in the compoundsin such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routinemanipulation or in vivo, to the parent compounds. Examples of prodrugderivatives include, but are not limited to acetate, formate andbenzoate derivatives and the like.

"Pharmaceutically acceptable salts" of the compounds of the inventioncan be prepared by reacting the free base forms of these compounds witha stoichiometric amount of the appropriate acid in water or in anorganic solvent, or in a mixture of the two. Lists of suitable salts arefound in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack PublishingCompany, Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 1418, the disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference.

DOSAGE AND FORMULATION

The bile acid sequestrant polymers of the invention can be administeredas cholesterol lowering agents by any means that produces contact of theactive agent with bile acids in the gut of a mammal. The bile acidsequestrant polymers of the invention are preferably administeredorally, and are administered either as individual therapeutic agents orin combination with other therapeutic agents, such as with otherhypocholesterolemic agents and other drugs for the treatment ofcardiovascular diseases. They can be administered alone, but generallyadministered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basisstandard pharmaceutical practice.

By "administered in combination" or "combination therapy" it is meantthat the crosslinked polymeric ammonium salt compound and one or moreadditional therapeutic agents are administered concurrently to themammal being treated. When administered in combination each componentmay be administered at the same time or sequentially in any order atdifferent points in time. Thus, each component may be administeredseparately but sufficiently closely in time so as to provide the desiredtherapeutic effect.

By "therapeutically effective amount" it is meant an amount of acrosslinked polymeric ammonium salt of the invention that whenadministered to a mammal binds with bile acids in the intestinal tractof the mammal thereby to increase fecal loss of bile acids andpreventing the absorption of the bile acids. The crosslinked polymericammonium salts of the invention when administered alone or incombination with an additional therapeutic agent to a mammal areeffective to reduce blood serum cholesterol levels to prevent orameliorate a hypercholesterolemia disease condition or the progressionof the disease.

The dosage administered will, of course, vary depending upon knownfactors, such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particularagent and its mode and route of administration; the age, health andweight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the kindof concurrent treatment; the frequency of treatment; and the effectdesired. By way of general guidance, the daily dosage of activeingredient may be, for example, an oral dose of about 0.1 to 10 gramsbeing administered 1-4 times a day. The bile acid sequestrant polymersof the invention may be administered for a period of continuous therapyof one month or more, sufficient to achieve the required lowering inserum cholesterol levels.

Dosage forms (compositions suitable for administration) contain fromabout 0.1 gram to about 10 grams of active ingredient per unit. In thesepharmaceutical compositions the active ingredient will ordinarily bepresent in an amount of about 20-95% by weight based on the total weightof the composition.

The active ingredient can be administered orally in solid dosage forms,such as capsules, tablets, and powders, or in liquid dosage forms, suchas elixirs, syrups, and suspensions. Formulation of dosage forms of thepolymers of the present invention must take into account the swelling ofthe particular polymers by water or other solvents.

The polymers of the invention can also be incorporated in a variety ofedible solid or liquid forms or in foods such as bars, bread, cookies,cake, cereals, desserts, and the like.

The polymers of the invention may be administered in tablet or ingelatin capsules containing solid bile acid sequestrant polymer or anaqueous or semi-aqueous suspension of solid polymer containing asuitable suspending agent. Gelatin capsules contain the activeingredient and powdered carriers, such as lactose, starch, cellulosederivatives, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and the like. Similardiluents can be used to make compressed tablets. Both tablets andcapsules can be manufactured as sustained release products to providefor continuous release of medication over a period of hours. Compressedtablets can be sugar coated or film coated to mask any unpleasant tasteand protect the tablet from the atmosphere, or enteric coated forselective disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can contain coloring andflavoring to increase patient acceptance.

In general, water, a suitable oil, saline, aqueous dextrose (glucose),and related sugar solutions and glycols such as propylene glycol orpolyethylene glycols are suitable carriers. Antioxidizing agents such assodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, or ascorbic acid, either alone orcombined, are suitable stabilizing agents. Also used are citric acid andits salts and sodium EDTA. In addition, solutions can containpreservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride, methyl- or propyl-paraben,and chlorobutanol.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be preparedby techniques known to those skilled in the art of pharmacy. Suitablepharmaceutical carriers and formulations are described in Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, a standard referencetext in this field.

Useful pharmaceutical dosage forms for administration of the polymers ofthis invention can be illustrated as follows:

Capsules

A large number of unit capsules are prepared by filling standardtwo-piece hard gelatin capsules each with 0.5 gram of powdered activeingredient, 150 milligrams of lactose, 50 milligrams of cellulose, and 6milligrams magnesium stearate.

Soft Gelatin Capsules

A mixture of active ingredient in a digestable oil such as soybean oil,cottonseed oil or olive oil is prepared and injected by means of apositive displacement pump into gelatin to form soft gelatin capsulescontaining 0.5 gram of the active ingredient. The capsules are washedand dried.

Tablets

A large number of tablets are prepared by conventional procedures sothat the dosage unit is 0.5 gram of active ingredient, 0.2 milligrams ofcolloidal silicon dioxide, 0.5 gram of magnesium stearate, 275milligrams of microcrystalline cellulose, 11 milligrams of starch and98.8 milligrams of lactose. Appropriate coatings may be applied toincrease palatability or delay absorption.

Suspension

An aqueous suspension is prepared for oral administration so that eachdose contains 500 milligrams of finely divided gelled active ingredient,200 milligrams of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 5 milligrams of sodiumbenzoate, 1.0 grams of sorbitol solution, U.S.P., and 0.025 millilitersof vanillin.

The crosslinked polymeric ammonium salt compounds of the presentinvention may be administered in combination with one or more additionalor second therapeutic agents which may be selected from, but not limitedto: an inhibitor of acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol O-acyltransferase(ACAT); an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA)reductase, such as lovastatin; a lipid regulating agent, such asgemfibrozil, clofibrate, or probucol. The crosslinked polymeric ammoniumsalt compound of the present invention and such additional therapeuticagent can be administered separately or as a physical combination in asingle oral dosage unit. The crosslinked polymeric ammonium saltcompound of the present invention may be formulated together with thesecond therapeutic agent in a single dosage unit (that is, combinedtogether in one capsule, tablet, powder, or liquid, etc.). When thecrosslinked polymeric ammonium salt compound of the present inventionand the second therapeutic agent are not formulated together in a singledosage unit, the crosslinked polymeric ammonium salt compound and thesecond therapeutic agent may be administered essentially at the sametime, or sequentially in any order.

The dosage of the crosslinked polymeric ammonium salt compound whenadministered alone or in combination with a second therapeutic agent mayvary depending upon various factors such as the pharmacodynamiccharacteristics of the particular agent and its mode of administration,the age, health and weight of the recipient, the nature and extent ofthe symptoms, the kind of concurrent treatment, the frequency oftreatment, and the effect desired, as described above. The proper dosageof the crosslinked polymeric ammonium salt compound when administered incombination with the second therapeutic agent will be readilyascertainable by a medical practitioner skilled in the art, once armedwith the present disclosure. When one or more second therapeutic agentsare administered with the crosslinked polymeric ammonium salt compound,generally the amount of each component in a typical daily dosage andtypical dosage form may be reduced relative to the usual dosage of theagent when administered alone, in view of the additive or synergisticeffect of the therapeutic agents when administered in combination.

The present invention also includes pharmaceutical kits useful for thetreatment of hypercholesterolemia, which comprise one or more containerscontaining pharmaceutical dosage units comprising a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of acrosslinked polymeric ammonium salt compound of the present invention.Instructions, either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities ofthe dosage units to be administered, guidelines for administration thedosage units, etc., may also be included in the kit.

In the present disclosure it should be understood that the specifiedmaterials and conditions are important in practicing the invention butthat unspecified materials and conditions are not excluded so long asthey do not prevent the benefits of the invention from being realized.

In the following examples, MeOH is methanol, EtOH is ethanol, DMAC isN,N-dimethylacetamide, DMF is N,N-dimethylformamide, DBD is1,10-dibromodecane, and HMD is 1,6-hexamethylenediamine.

DETERMINATION OF POLYMER SWELL FACTOR

Into a pre-dried, tared, 150 mL coarse fritted filter funnel is addedabout 1 g of polymer. The stem of the funnel is sealed with a rubberstopper. The funnel is placed on a filter flask and about 100 mL ofdistilled water at about 25° C. is added to the funnel. The contents arestirred, if necessary, to fully disperse the water and polymer. Thecontents are then left undisturbed for 15 minutes. The rubber stopper isthen removed from the stem of the funnel, suction is applied to thefunnel for 5 minutes. The stem and underside of the funnel are thenrinsed with ethanol to remove any remaining water droplets and suctionis then continued for an additional 5 minutes. Any remaining waterdroplets are wiped off the funnel with a paper towel. The funnel andcontents are then weighed to determine the weight of water retained bythe polymer.

    Swell Factor=(Total wt. of wet polymer+funnel)-(Total wt. of dry polymer+funnel)/wt. of dry polymer.=wet wt.-dry wt./dry wt.=g water retained/g polymer

EXAMPLE 1A

The following procedure illustrates one of the small scale methods usedfor the preparation of the polymers of the present invention. Into a 1 Lthree-necked flask equipped with a heating mantle, reflux condenser,overhead stirrer, and nitrogen inlet was added 130 ml of DMF, 130 ml ofMeOH, 46.4 g (0.40 mole) of hexamethylene diamine, and 120.0 g (0.40mole) of 1,10-dibromodecane. The resulting homogeneous solution wasstirred rapidly and heated to reflux. After 0.5-3 hours of reflux theentire contents of the flask became a swollen gelled mass. The stirringwas stopped and the flask was gently heated for an additional 18-21hours. After heating, the gel was allowed to cool to room temperatureand was scooped out of the reaction vessel. The gel was then put into aWaring Blender with an equal volume of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and wasground in the blender. This procedure was repeated at least 3 times withfiltration between each chopping. The resulting washed polymer was thenput into a vacuum oven set at 50-120° C. for a period of 1-3 days toaffect drying. Dry weight was 160 g (96%). To ensure purity, the polymerwas then Soxhlet extracted with methanol for 3.5 days and with water foran additional 3.5 days. During this process approximately 30% of themass of the product was extracted into the solvents. The resultingpolymer is dried under vacuum to afford a granular cream coloredproduct. The polymer had a faint "nutty" odor.

The bromide counterion or any other counterion, can readily be exchangedby exposing swollen wet (H₂ O) polymer to a 10% solution of ammoniumhydroxide. The neutralized polymer shrinks (deswells) and is filteredand washed with water until the resulting filtrate is neutral to pHpaper. The polymer is then reacidified with the appropriate acid to givethe desired counter ion (e.g., HCl for Cl-ion; HOAc for acetate ion;etc.). Upon reacidification, the polymer swells again. The swollenpolymer is then washed with water until the filtrate is neutral to pHpaper and dried under vacuum to yield a granular polymer with adifferent counter ion.

Examples 2-38, Table 1, were carried out in a similar manner to Example1A. Reflux and heating times were the same as in Example 1A. EXAMPLE 1B

SMALL SCALE PREPARATION OF TEMPLATED POLYMERIC AMMONIUM SALT IN A HIGHSHEAR BENCHTOP REACTOR

A solution of 180 g methanol and 212 g of DMAC was prepared. 149.5 g ofDBD was dissolved in 85 g of the solvent mixture. Ten mL of the solventmixture was reserved for a feed rinse.

The remaining solvent mixture was charged to a 1 quart planetary mixerfollowed by 52.5 g of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) (85,000 MW). Thespeed of the agitator was set to 90 rpm. The material was heated to 60°C. for one hour with an external circulating heater to dissolve the HPC.The solution was cooled to 40° C. and 54 g of hexamethylene diamine and26.8 g of sodium carbonate added.

The solution of DBD in the solvent mixture was added over a period of 30minutes at a constant rate using a piston pump, maintaining thetemperature at 40° C., followed by the ten mL of solvent mixture savedfor a rinse.

The temperature of the reaction mixture was raised by 10° C. every 15min until the temperature was 80° C.

The viscosity of the solution increased and after 3 hours the agitatorspeed was reduced to 7 rpm. The polymerization was continued for anadditional 16 hours at 80° C.

The polymer gel (crumb-like solid) was cooled to 25° C. and 2000 mLwater and 65.8 g of 50% NaOH were charged to give a final pH of 12.2.After agitating for one hour the slurry was divided into three equalparts. An additional 500 mL was added to one third of the slurry andfiltered using vacuum. The cake was washed with 400 mL water.

The cake was slurried in 1000 mL water and sufficient 35% HCl added toadjust the pH to less than 2.5. The slurry was agitated for one hour andfiltered. The purification cycle (adjust to pH >12., filter, wash,adjust to pH <2.5, filter) was repeated four times. The last pH of thelast acidification was <1.5. The cake was washed 3 times with 900 mLwater to a final pH of 4.8.

The wet cake was dried in a small glass rotary dryer to yield 118.5 g or74% theoretical yield based on the weight of the monomers charged. Theswell of the dried polymer was 16.

                                      TABLE 1    __________________________________________________________________________    Preparation of Polyamine Salts                                   Total           Polymer                         Solvent   Solvent                                       Temperature                                             Final Yield    Example         Ingredients (wt. g)                         (vol. ratio)                                   (mL)                                       °C.                                             Counterion                                                   (g)    __________________________________________________________________________     2   1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine                         DMF-MeOH  260 reflux                                             Br    91.9.sup.a         (80.0)          (1:1)         1,10-dibromodecane (120.0)     3   hexamethylenediamine (46.4)                         MeOH      260 reflux                                             Br    164.2.sup.b         1,10-dibromodecane (120.0)     4   1,12-diaminodecane (30.0)                         DMF-MeOH  120 reflux                                             Br    52.5.sup.a         1,12-dibromodecane (49.2)                         (1:1)     5   hexamethylenediamine (45.4)                         water     260 reflux                                             Br    108.3.sup.b         1,10-dibromodecane (120.0)     6   1,4-cyclohexane bis(methylamine)                         DMF-MeOH  150 reflux                                             Br    86.6.sup.b         (28.4)          (1:1)         1,10-dibromodecane (60.0)     7   4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine)                         DMF-MeOH  150 reflux                                             Br    97.5.sup.b         (42.0)          (1:1)         1,10-dibromodecane (60.0)     8   2-methyl-1,5-pentanediamine (23.2)                         DMF-MeOH  140 reflux                                             Br    73.2.sup.b         1,10-dibromodecane (60.0)                         (1:1)     9   cis and trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane                         DMF-MeOH  140 reflux                                             Br    75.9.sup.b         (22.8)          (1:1)         1,10-dibromodecane (60.0)    10   hexamethylenediamine (46.4)                         DMF-MeOH  260 RT    Br    152.5.sup.b         1,10-dibromodecane (120.0)                         (1:1)    11   ethylenediamine (12.0)                         DMF-MeOH  140 reflux                                             Br    40.5.sup.b         1,10-dibromodecane (60.0)                         (1:1)    12   metheneamine (14.0)                         DMF-MeOH   70 RT    Br    24.4.sup.b         1,10-dibromodecane (30.0)                         (1:1)    13   t-1,4-cyclohexanediamine (22.8)                         DMF-MeOH  140 reflux                                             Br    59.7.sup.b         1,10-dibromodecane (60.0)                         (1:1)    14   isophoronediamine (17.0)                         DMF-MeOH   70 reflux                                             Br    35.0.sup.b         1,1-dibromodecane (30.0)                         (1:1)    15   3,3-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (9.9)                         DMF-MeOH   70 reflux                                             Br    18.8.sup.a,c         1,10-dibromodecane (30.0)                         (1:1)    16   1,3-diaminopentane (10.2)                         DMF-MeOH   70 reflux                                             Br    41.0.sup.b,c         1,10-dibromodecane (30.0)                         (1:1)    17   hexamethylenediamine (5.8)                         DMF-MeOH   70 reflux                                             Br    40.0.sup.b         2-methyl-1,5-pentanediamine (5.8)                         (1:1)         1,10-dibromodecane (30.0)    18   diethylenetriamine (10.3)                         DMF-MeOH   70 reflux                                             Br    25.2.sup.a         1,10-dibromodecane (30.0)                         (1:1)    19   2-methyl-1,5-pentanediamine (11.6)                         DMF-MeOH   70 RT    Br    37.3.sup.b         1,10-dibromodecane (30.0)                         (1.1)    20   t-1,4-diaminocyclohexane (5.7)                         DMF-MeOH   70 reflux                                             Br    40.2.sup.b         hexamethylenediamine (5.8)                         (1:1)         1,10-dibromodecane (30.0)    21   cis- and trans-1,4-                         DMF-MeOH  70  reflux                                             Br    37.9.sup.b         diaminocyclohexane (5.7)                         (1:1)         hexamethylenediamine (5.8)         1,10-dibromodecane (30.0)    22   t-1,4-diaminocyclohexane (5.7)                         DMF-MeOH   70 reflux                                             Br    40.7.sup.b         isophoronediamine (8.5)                         (1:1)         1,10-dibromodecane (30.0)    23   dimer diamine (30.0).sup.d                         DMF-MeOH   80 reflux                                             Br    36.3.sup.b         1,10-dibromodecane (15.0)                         (1:1)    24   hexamethylenediamine (278.4)                         DMF-MeOH  1560                                       reflux                                             Br    993.7.sup.b         1,10-dibromodecane (720)                         (1:1)    25.sup.e         polymer of Example 1 (10.0)         Cl    5.59    26.sup.e         polymer of Example 24 (176)         Cl    92.2.sup.a    27   hexamethylenediamine (3.48)                         DMAC-MeOH-water                                    20 reflux                                             Cl    5.38.sup.a         1,10-dibromodecane (9.0)                         58:8:34    28   hexamethylenediamine (3.87)                         DMF-MeOH   24 reflux                                             Cl    8.4.sup.a         1,10-dibromodecane (12.6)                         (1:1)    29   hexamethylenediamine (3.48)                         MeOH-water                                    20 60    Cl    3.7.sup.b         1,10-dibromodecane (9.0)                         (1:1)    30   hexamethylenediamine (3.48)                         DMAC-MeOH  20 85    Cl    6.54.sup.a         1,10-dibromodecane (9.0)                         (3:1)    31   hexamethylenediamine ((3.48)                         DMAC-MeOH-water                                    20 84    Cl    5.35.sup.a         1,10-dibromodecane (9.0)                         (66:17:17)    32   1,8-diaminooctane (4.8)                         DMF-MeOH   24 reflux                                             Cl    7.2.sup.a         1,10-dibromodecane (10.0)                         (1:1)    33   1,12-diaminododecane (6.66)                         DMF-MeOH   24 reflux                                             Cl    8.7.sup.a         1,10-dibromodecane (10.0)                         (1:1)    34   1,7-diaminoheptane (4.33)                         DMF-MeOH   24 reflux                                             Cl    6.6.sup.a         1,10-dibromodecane (10.0)                         (1:1)    35   1,4-diaminobutane (2.93)                         DMF-MeOH   24 reflux                                             Cl    5.1.sup.a         1,10-dibromodecane (10.0)                         (1:1)    36   5,5'-methylenedifurfurylamine (2.5)                         DMF-MeOH   12 reflux                                             Cl    3.1.sup.b         1,10-dibromodecane (3.65)                         (1:1)    37   hexamethylenediamine (46.4)                         MeOH      260 reflux                                             Cl    123.7.sup.b         1,10-dichlorodecane (84.4)    38   1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane (3.0)                         DMF:MeOH   24 reflux                                             Cl    2.88.sup.b         1,10-dibromodecane (10.0)                         (1:1)    __________________________________________________________________________     .sup.a purified polymer     .sup.b crude polymer     .sup.c gummy solid     ##STR1##     .sup.e change of counterion from Br to Cl

EXAMPLES 39-50 PREPARATIONS OF SUBSTITUTED POLYMERS

All substituted polymers were prepared in a similar manner. Polyaminewas first synthesized and then used in all subsequent reactions. Polymerwas synthesized, as in Example 1A or 1B, and stirred in 3 L of wateruntil it was completely swollen (about 1 hour). At that time 400 ml ofconc. ammonium hydroxide was added to the swollen polymer slurry and themixture was stirred for at least 15 minutes. The product was thenfiltered and washed with water until the filtrate was neutral. Afterdrying in a vacuum oven at 60° C., 54.6 g (88.7%) of polyamine wasrecovered.

EXAMPLE 39

Into a 100 mL three-necked round bottom flask was placed 20 mL DMF, 20mL distilled water, 3.0 g of the polyamine prepared above and 2.32 g of1-bromooctane. The mixture was refluxed at least 18 hours, after whichtime the contents of the flask were poured into 100 mL THF and stirredfor 30 min. At this point, the product could be dried and weighed todetermine extent of polymer substitution. The product was then added to100 mL of a 10% HBr/water solution, stirred for at least 30 min.,filtered, and washed with water until the filtrate was neutral to pHpaper. The resulting polymer was then dried in a vacuum oven. The finalyield of substituted polymer was 5.65 g (88.8%).

The following polymers were prepared in an identical manner using thefollowing ingredients and quantities. See Table 2.

                  TABLE 2    ______________________________________                                            Poly-                                            mer    Ex-                       Ing.    Inter-                                            Final    amp-                      Wt.     mediate                                            Wt.    le   Ingredients          (g)     Wt. (g)                                            (g)    ______________________________________    40   2-(2-bromoethyl)-1,3-dioxane                              3.81 g         polyamine             5.0 g  --    3.1                                            g    41   2-(2-bromoethyl)-1,3-                              3.53 g         dioxolane             5.0 g  --    8.24                                            g         polyamine    42   BrCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.3                              1.62 g         polyamine            1.83 g  2.79 g                                            3.04                                            g    43   1-bromohexadecane    2.38 g         polyamine             2.0 g  3.69 g                                             3.9                                            g    44   2-bromotridecane     1.98 g         polyamine             2.0 g   3.3 g                                            3.65                                            g    45   2-(bromoethyl)tetra-hydro-                              1.40 g         2H-pyran              2.0 g   2.4 g                                            2.88                                            g         polyamine    46   1-bromoundecane      1.84 g         polyamine             2.0 g  3.37 g                                            3.73                                            g    47   2-bromoeicosane      2.82 g         polyamine             2.0 g  3.82 g                                            4.08                                            g    48   1-bromooctadecane    2.60 g         polyamine             2.0 g  3.91 g                                            4.25                                            g    49   2-bromoethylmethylester                              1.08 g         polyamine             2.0 g  2.41 g                                            2.80                                            g    50   2-bromoethylmethylester                              1.20 g         polyamine             2.0 g  2.46 g                                            2.94                                            g    ______________________________________

EXAMPLE 51A PREPARATION OF LARGER QUANTITY OF POLYMER

Into a 5 L three-necked round bottom flask equipped with an ice bath,overhead stirrer, reflux condenser, thermometer, and nitrogen inlet wereadded 1 L of DMF, 1 L of methanol, 386.7 g (3.33 mol) of hexamethylenediamine, and 1000.0 g (3.33 mol) of 1,10-dibromodecane. The resultinghomogeneous solution was rapidly stirred without heating. Within 10minutes the solution attained a temperature of 82° C. and refluxingoccured. At this time ice was added to the ice bath to maintain a steadyrate of reflux. After 20 minutes the initial heat of reaction dissipatedand refluxing stopped. At this time, the ice bath was removed and aheating mantle was placed on the flask. The flask was then heated tomaintain a steady reflux of the solvents. As the reaction solution washeated and stirred rapidly the viscosity of the reaction began toincrease. Within 20 to 30 minutes after the beginning of heating thereaction, the mixture attained a viscosity which no longer allowedstirring. At this point, the agitator was stopped. The resulting swollengelled mass was then gently heated at 30° C. -50° C. for an additional18 to 21 hours. The gel was allowed to cool to room temperature and wasscooped out of the reaction vessel. The gel was then put into a blenderwith an equal volume of 10% aqueous ammonium hydroxide and was ground inthe blender. The resulting polymer was filtered and then slurried in 10%aqueous ammonium hydroxide for 1 hour. The polymer was then filtered andwashed with distilled water until the filtrate was neutral. The polymerwas then treated with 10 L of aqueous HCl (4 L conc. HCl+6 L water). Thepolymer was then filtered and washed with distilled water until thefiltrate was neutral. The polymer was then washed with methanol andslurried in methanol. The slurried polymer was then loaded into 5 LSoxhlet extraction thimbles and extracted with methanol for 3-4 days andwith water for an additional 3-4 days. The polymer was then removed fromthe extraction thimbles and dried in a vacuum oven at 60° C. for 2-3days to yield the final polyammonium product containing chloride counterion. Theoretical yield was 1089 g. Yield before extraction was 823 g.Yield after extraction was 800 g. The polymer could be ground in ablender or coffee mill to yield particle sizes of 30-500 microns. Highspeed hammer milling through a 100 mesh screen produced particle sizesin the range of 30-150 microns. Air jet micronizing produced particlesizes in the range of 30-150 microns. Grinding in an attritor in thepresence of liquid nitrogen produced particle sizes as low as 1 micron.In most cases the material was coffee milled before use.

EXAMPLE 51B PILOT SCALE PREPARATION OF POLYMERIC AMMONIUM SALT

Polymerization

To a jacketed horizontal mixer/reactor with a variable speed drive, 6.9kg of 1,6-hexanediamine, 3.1 kg of sodium carbonate, 4.1 kg of DMAC and3.4 kg of methanol were charged. In a separate glass-lined, agitated,vessel 19.6 kg of DBD, 12.2 kg of DMAC and 10.3 kg of methanol werecharged. The mixture was then heated to 30° C. and held for 1.5 hours todissolve the DBD. The DBD solution was fed from the glass-lined vesselto the horizontal mixer/reactor over 30 minutes. The horizontalmixer/reactor plows were turned on with the speed set at 155 rpm duringthe addition. The temperature in the horizontal mixer/reactor was heldat 35°±5° C. during the transfer. The transfer line was flushed with anadditional 0.4 kg of DMAC and 0.4 kg of methanol. The mixer/reactor washeld at 35°±5° C. for 15 minutes after the transfer. Then the jacketoutlet temperature was raised to 80° C. over 4 hours. The plow speed wasreduced to 40 rpm when the outlet temperature reached 80° C. Thehorizontal mixer/reactor jacket outlet was maintained at 80° C. foranother 16 hours. After the 16 hour hold, the contents of the horizontalmixer/reactor were cooled to 31° C. and discharged to apolyethylene-lined fiber drum. A total of 50.5 kg material wasdischarged from the horizontal mixer/reactor.

Initial Size Reduction

The material from the horizontal mixer/reactor was added to 196 litersof USP water and wet milled continuously in an in-line continuous flowthrough mill. The milling loop started in a 50 gallon Nalgene hold tank,went to a pump, then the in-line continuous flow through mill, thenthrough a heat exchanger and back to the Nalgene tank. Medium, fine andsuperfine heads were used in the in-line continuous flow through mill toreduce 98% of the particles to less than 850 micron. The milling tookless than an hour.

Purification and Ion Exchange

The wet milled material was transfered to a glass-line agitated vessel.To the vessel containing the slurry 27.6 kg of 27% aqueous ammoniumhydroxide was added. The mixture was heated to 50° C. After it reached50° C. it was filter on an agitated filter. The filter media consistedof three 316 stainless steel screens. A 38 micron screen was the primaryfiltration layer. The two other screens, which were 150 micron orlarger, provided support. The wetcake in the filter was reslurried andfiltered consecutively with 36 liters of USP water, a mixture of 44.5 kgof USP water and 5.4 kg of 27% ammonium hydroxide, 36 liters of USPwater, a mixture of 44.5 kg of USP water and 5.4 kg of 27% ammoniumhydroxide, and 36 liters of USP water. All reslurries and filtrationswere done at 50 ° C.

The wetcake from the initial quench was split in four parts each partwas treated separately as described below. In the agitated filter, eachpart was treated successively with acid, base, acid, base and acid. Ineach acid treatment, wetcake was reslurried in the agitated filter in 84liters of USP water. Enough 32% aqueous HCL was added to lower the pH toless than 2.5. For base treatment, wetcake was reslurried in theagitated filter in 45 liters of USP water. Enough 27% aqueous ammoniumhydroxide was added to raise the ph to greater than 9.5. After each basetreatment the wetcake was washed with 36 liters of USP water. For thefinal acid treatment the pH was lower to 1.5 vs. the typical 2.5. Thewetcake from the final acid treatment was washed until the pH was above3.5. A total of 148.8 kg of wetcake was recovered from purification.

Final Size Reduction

The same milling apparatus used for initial milling was used for finalmilling except the heads of the in-line continuous flow through millwere changed. A fine and two superfine heads were installed. The 4 lotsof wetcake recovered from purification were combined and milled in twolots. Each lot was slurried in USP water prior to milling. For each kgof wetcake 0.5 kg of USP water was added. The slurry was milled forapproximately 4 hours to get the particle size to 60-70 microns (50percentile).

Drying

The two lots of wetmilled slurry were dried in a rotary vacuum dryerwith 1.1 cubic feet of working capacity. Hot water (80°-90° C.) wasaligned to the dryer jacket. Vacuum (22-26 inches of Hg) was aligned tothe drying chamber. Drying took approximately 5 days to complete. 11.3kg of dry DMP503 was recovered. The swell of the DMP503 was 13.0-13.6.

EXAMPLE 52 SWELLING OF POLYMER PRODUCED IN EXAMPLE 1 (Br⁻ ION))

To 0.5 g polyammonium bromide prepared in Example 1 was added 13 mL ofdistilled water. Within minutes the polymer swelled to completely absorbthat volume of water. When the vial was inverted no liquid water poured.This behavior indicates at least a 26:1 (2600%) swell factor for thispolymer.

EXAMPLE 53 DETERMINATION OF EXTENT OF BRANCHING/CROSSLINKING OF POLYMERPRODUCED AS IN EXAMPLE 1 (Br⁻ ION)

Polyammonium bromide prepared as described in Example 1 was placed in a10 mm NMR tube. To this was added enough dioxane to slurry the polymer.Water (D₂ O) was then added to swell the polymer. A ¹³ C NMR spectra wasthen run on the sample. The following signals were observed for thecarbon atoms immediately adjacent to the different possible nitrogenspecies contained in the polymer structure. 40.10 ppm (--C--NH₃ ⁺)(10.24 integral units); 48.27 ppm (--C--NH₂ ⁺ --C--) (52.22 iu); 53.48ppm ##STR2##

Relative nitrogen abundance could be calculated as follows:

primary N (40.10 ppm)=10.24/1 =10.24 21.0%

secondary N (48.27 ppm)=52.22/2 =26.11 53.6%

tertiary N (53.48 ppm)=35.07/3 =11.69 24.0%

quaternary N (58.75 ppm)=2.57/4 =0.64 1.3%

Thus, this polymer contained 53.6% secondary (straight chain) amines,24.0% tertiary amines as either branch points or crosslinks, 21.0%primary amines as ends, and 1.3% quaternary amines as crosslinks orbranch points.

In Vitro Binding of Bile Acids to Bile Acid Sequestrants

The binding of bile acids to the bile acid sequestrant crosslinkedpolymeric ammonium salts of the present invention may be measured usingthe procedures described below.

The following method was used to measure the equilibrium bindingparamaters for the binding of various bile acids to the bile acidsequestrants of the present invention. The equilibrium binding of bileacids to bile acid sequestrants was determined using isotonic ionicconditions at 37° C., in order to roughly approximate physiologicalconditions. Carbon-14 (¹⁴ C) labeled bile acids dissolved in phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) at pH 7 were prepared at 0.454, 0.555, 0.713,1.000, 1.667, 5.000, 6.667, 10.0, 20.0 and 30.0 mM (45 nCi ¹⁴ C/ml)concentrations. This series of reciprocal concentration levels werechosen to afford relatively even distribution of empirical data alongthe semilogarithmic saturation binding curves.

The bile acids were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.) and the ¹⁴ Clabeled bile salts having a specific activity of approximately 50mCi/mmole were obtained from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, NewEngland Nuclear (Billerica, Mass.).

Two mL of the prepared concentrations of bile acid were added to aselected amount (for example, 5.0 mg) of bile acid sequestrant to betested, within a 10,000 mw cut-off ultrafiltration cup (Nihon Millipore,Yonezawa, Japan) and incubated overnight (16 hours) at 37° C.

Cholestyramine, which was tested for reference, was obtained from Sigma,St. Louis, Mo.

To determine the non-specific binding, the ten stock solutions of bilesalts were added to empty ultrafiltration cups and incubated togetherwith the total binding samples.

To separate bound and free bile acid the ultra-filtration cups werecentrifuged at 3,500 RPM at 37° C. in a Du Pont RT6000 centrifuge topass the solution of free bile acids into the outer tube. Two hundred μLof the separated binding tubes and the corresponding set of the stocksolutions of total bile acid were counted for two minutes in a betascintillation counter (Beckman, Palo Alto, Calif.) to detect ¹⁴ C DPMsin 7 mLs of Formula 989 scintillation cocktail (E. I. du Pont de Nemoursand Company, New England Nuclear, Billerica, Mass.).

The respective specific bound DPMs were determined from the countedtotal added ¹⁴ C DPMs and derived total binding and non-specific bindingDPMs. The specific bound DPMs were converted to specifically boundμmoles of bile salts at each dose level. The specific binding data wasplotted on a saturation binding curve (specific bound μmoles of bilesalts/mg of sequestrant versus the log of the free μmoles of bilesalts/mL of solution) and the best-fit regression curve was determinedusing the relationship, Equation 1 below:

     Bound!=(B.sub.max × Free!.sup.n)/((K.sub.d).sup.n + Free!.sup.n)Equation 1

where Bmax is the maximum amount of bile salt bound to sequestrant, Kdis the concentration of free bile salt at which there is half-maximalbinding (i.e., an equilibrium dissociation constant) and n is a curvefitting parameter. Another model used was the ligand-ligand interactionmodel isotherm that is represented by Equation 2:

    B=(B.sub.max /2){1+((F/K.sub.d)-1)/Sqrt ((F/K.sub.d)-1).sup.2 +4F/W×K.sub.d)!}                                    Equation 2

where F is the free bile acid concentration; W is the ligand ligandinteraction parameter or cooperativity parameter; and Sqrt is the squareroot of the quantity in brackets. (See McGhee Von Hippel, J. Mol. Biol.,86: 469-489 (1974); Biophysical Chemistry, Part III, C. Cantor and P.Schimmel (1980), pages 878-885 and pages 1242-1251.)

Data for the binding of various bile acids to representative bile acidsequestrant polymers of the present invention is shown in Tables 3 and 4below. In Tables 3 and 4, B_(max) is presented in units of μmol of bilesalt bound per mg of bile acid sequestrant and Kd is in units of mM.

The value B_(max) /K_(d) is a measure of the binding efficiency of thebile acid sequestrant for the binding of bile acids, and reflects boththe total number of binding sites or binding capacity and the bindingaffinity of the bile acid sequestrant for bile acid. The higher thisnumber is, the more effective a bile acid sequestrant is predicted tobe.

As shown in Tables 3 and 4, the bile acid sequestrant polymers of thepresent invention are substantially more effective in binding bileacids, in terms of both increased affinity and increased bindingcapacity, relative to cholestyramine.

In Table 4, the cholestyramine results were graphed using the Equation 1and the other examples were graphed using Equation 2.

Substantially the same results are obtained for Bmax/Kd when the samedata is analyzed using the above equation as when it is analyzed usingEquation 1.

                  TABLE 3    ______________________________________    In Vitro Equilibrium Binding of Bile Acids to    Bile Acid Sequestrants    Polymer                                Bmax/    of Ex. No.              Bile Acid     Bmax     Kd    Kd    ______________________________________    Cholestyramine              cholate       3.38     7.35  0.46              taurocholate  2.84     2.15  1.32              glycocholate  2.93     7.38  0.40              chenodeoxycholate                            3.13     0.494 6.34    1A        cholate       4.37     2.25  1.94              taurocholate  4.62     1.78  2.60              glycocholate  3.89     1.84  2.11              chenodeoxycholate                            3.25     0.163 19.9    37        cholate       5.13     1.47  3.49              taurocholate  4.82     1.27  3.80              glycocholate  5.11     1.84  2.78              chenodeoxycholate                            4.49     0.201 22.3     8        cholate       4.70     1.16  4.05              taurocholate  4.18     1.38  3.03              glycocholate  3.83     1.60  2.39              chenodeoxycholate                            4.77     0.380 12.6     9        cholate       4.16     2.81  1.48              taurocholate  4.06     3.40  1.19              glycocholate  4.22     3.76  1.12              chenodeoxycholate                            3.81     0.193 19.7    11        cholate       3.85     1.80  2.14              taurocholate  3.23     3.45  0.94              glycocholate  3.39     3.94  0.86              chenodeoxycholate                            3.20     0.125 25.6    40        cholate       3.42     1.92  1.78              taurocholate  2.97     1.49  1.99              glycocholate  2.96     2.19  1.35              chenodeoxycholate                            3.19     0.170 18.8    41        cholate       3.11     1.88  1.65              taurocholate  2.80     2.80  1.00              glycocholate  2.93     2.20  1.33              chenodeoxycholate                            3.17     0.227 14.0    48        cholate       4.65     2.25  2.07              taurocholate  3.83     1.92  1.99              glycocholate  3.65     2.38  1.53              chenodeoxycholate                            4.17     0.165 25.3    ______________________________________

                  TABLE 4    ______________________________________    In Vitro Binding of Cholate to Bile Acid Sequestrants                  Swell    Polymer of Example                  Factor  Bmax      Kd   Bmax/Kd    ______________________________________    Cholestyramine*       3.38      7.35 0.46     24**         14.4    4.33      1.43 3.03    25                    4.51      1.33 3.39    26            21.6    4.45      1.19 3.74    27            2.6     1.70      1.45 1.17    28            4.9     4.98      1.11 4.49    29            1.3     2.33      1.13 2.06    30            14.6    5.20      1.29 4.03    32            12.1    5.34      1.02 5.24    33            0.1     2.68      0.61 4.39    34            11.9    4.05      0.96 4.22    35            21.5    5.88      1.25 4.70    38            135.6   5.26      0.90 5.84    45                    1.31      1.02 1.28    46                    2.96      2.21 1.34    47                    3.78      1.53 2.47    50                    3.70      1.56 2.37    ______________________________________     *Binding data was plotted on a curve according to Equation 1.     **Binding data for Examples 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35,     38, 45, 46, 47, and 50 were plotted on a curve according to the     ligandligand interaction isotherm of Equation 2.

In Vivo Plasma Cholesterol Lowering Activity of Bile Acid Sequestrants

The in vivo plasma cholesterol lowering activity of the bile acidsequestrant polymers of the present invention were evaluated in theanimal models described below.

Plasma Cholesterol Lowering in Hamsters Administered Bile AcidSequestrants

The plasma cholesterol lowering effect of representative bile acidsequestrant polymers of the present invention is shown in Table 5 below.Male hamsters were fed for 2 weeks the selected bile acid sequestrant tobe tested and the total cholesterol concentration in the plasma wasdetermined. Total serum cholesterol was measured using a cholesteroloxidase assay on a Dimension° clinical analyzer. The sequestrants weregiven orally by mixing in the animal feed. The hamsters were given 11 gof Agway rodent chow per day for 2 weeks that contained varying weightsof sequestrant. Results for 0.25, or 0.3 weight % sequestrant (forexample 0.3 weight % is 0.033 g sequestrant per 11 g of feed are shown).The polymer was ground and mixed with the feed.

In each study, 7 animals were dosed with the sequestrant. The % decreasein cholesterol levels was calculated by subtracting the average totalcholesterol levels at 2 weeks of sequestrant treatment, from the averagetotal cholesterol levels in the animals before treatment (week 0).

In Table 5, where a single 7 animal study was carried out, theuncertainty in the measured cholesterol lowering is expressed as the SEM(or standard deviation (SD)) for a particular study (i.e., for 7animals). In Table 5, the SEM (or SD) for the study at Week 0 and Week 2is given and the SEM (or SD) is also expressed as a % of the averagevalue of total cholesterol. Also given in Table 5 is the % decrease intotal cholesterol level and the average % SEM (or SD) for Weeks 0 and 2.

                  TABLE 5.sup.a    ______________________________________    Plasma Cholesterol Lowering    in Hamsters by Bile Acid Sequestrants    Total Cholesterol (mg/dl)    (±SEM or SD)                                            %                                            De-    Poly                                    crease                                                  Avg    mer   Dose                              in Total                                                  %    of Ex-          (weight          %           %    Choles-                                                  Er-    ample %)      Week 0   Error                                Week 2 Error                                            terol ror    ______________________________________    Chole 0.3     171 ± 11                           ±6.4                                150 ± 13                                       ±8.7                                            12    ±7.6*    styra         *             *    mine    1A    0.25    178 ± 4                           ±2.2                                129 ± 3                                       ±2.3                                            28    ±2.3    1A    0.3     167 ± 16                           ±9.6                                127 ± 8*                                       ±6.3                                            24    ±8.0*                  *    37    0.25    178 ± 7                           ±3.9                                122 ± 2                                       ±1.6                                            31    ±2.8    ______________________________________     .sup.a The total cholesterol levels are the average values for 7 animals.     The value following ± is the standard error of the mean (SEM) except     where marked with asterisk (*), where it is a standard deviation (SD).

Cholesterol Lowering in Rabbits Treated with Bile Acid Sequestrant

The cholesterol lowering efficacy of the polymer of Example 25 wastested in male New Zealand rabbits. As shown in Table 6 below, following1 week and 2 weeks of treatment of rabbits with this polymer at 250mg/kg of total body weight per day, the plasma total cholesterol levelsin the animals were significantly decreased.

Table 6 shows the mean % decrease in total plasma cholesterol levels for5 animals (the SEM is given following ±). The bile acid sequestrant wasadministered by being mixed with the animal feed and being fed to theanimals. Total serum cholesterol was measured using a cholesteroloxidase assay on a Dimension clinical analyzer.

                  TABLE 6    ______________________________________    Rabbit Plasma Cholesterol Lowering After    1 Week and 2 Weeks of Bile Acid Sequestrants Treatment                    % Decrease in Total                    Cholesterol (±SEM)                    1 Week                          2 Weeks    ______________________________________    no bile acid sequestrant                       7 ± 10                              17 ± 8    cholestyramine    14 ± 11                              17 ± 13    Polymer of Example 25                      43 ± 11                              42 ± 10    ______________________________________

In the present disclosure it should be understood that the specifiedmaterials and conditions are important in practicing the invention butthat unspecified materials and conditions are not excluded from thepresent invention, so long as they do not prevent the benefits of theinvention from being realized.

EXAMPLES 54 TO 73

Sequestrant polymers were made by a procedure similar to that used inExample 1. The starting materials and synthesis conditions are given inTable 7.

BINDING ABILITY OF THE SEQUESTRANTS OF EXAMPLES 54 TO 73

The efficacy of these sequestrants was tested using the "SequestrantGlycocholate Binding Assay", the procedure for which is given below. InTable 8 the results of this assay are given for the sequestrants ofExamples 54 to 73. The higher the "% Bound Glycocholate", the better theefficacy of the sequestrant. For comparison purposes, results fromCholestyramine and a sequestrant prepared according to the procedure ofExample 25 are also given.

SEQUESTRANT GLYCOCHOLATE BINDING ASSAY

A. Initial Binding Assay

Each polymer was weighed directly into a Millipore® ultra filtration cup(10,000 NML low binding cellulose). The weight added to each cup wasaround 5 mg/cup with the actual weight being recorded and each polymerwas weighed into 3 cups. A 10 mM glycocholic acid solution (GC) was madewith phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at a pH of 7, and kept at 37° C. Toeach cup, 2 ml of the above solution was added. This was done in sets ofno more than 15 cups. Once the bile acid was added to the cups the cupswere mixed with a vortex mixer and placed in a centrifuge. The cups werespun in a Sorvall® RT6000 centrifuge at 3500 RPM (setting #10) at 37° C.for 10 minutes.

B. 18 Hour Assay

Each polymer was weighed directly into the Millipore ultra filtrationcups (10,000 NML low binding cellulose). The weight added to each cupwas around 5 mg/cup with the actual weight being recorded and eachpolymer was weighed into 3 cups. A 10 mM glycocholic acid solution (GC)was made with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at a pH of 7. To each cup,2 mL of the above solution was added. The cups were incubated in anorbital dry air shaker at 37° C. for between 18 to 20 hours. Afterincubation the cups were spun in the Sorvall RT6000 centrifuge at 3500RPMS (setting #10) at 37° C. for 1 hour or until at least 200 μl ofsolution had been eluted.

The reagents were bought as a kit from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis,Mo. 63178, Bile Acid Diagnostic Kit #450-A. Reagents were gentlyreconstituted with water, 10 ml for reagent A and 5 ml for reagent B.They were mixed by inverting, not shaking. The test reagent was made bymixing reagent A with reagent B at a volume ratio of 4:1. For eachsample 0.5 ml of the test reagent was needed. The test reagent waswarmed to 37° C. by placing it in a 37° C. water bath about 15 minutesbefore it was needed. The assay was performed in 6 ml polypropylene testtubes. Each sample was diluted so as to be in the linear range of theassay. The bile acid salt filtrate samples and the 10 mM GC were firstdiluted 10 times, 100 μl plus 900 μl PBS. Each sample was done induplicate so that for each example there were six samples. PBS was usedas a zero control and the Absorbance from the average of 6 PBS sampleswas subtracted from all other samples. The 10 mM GC was diluted by atotal factor of 50 to be at the maximum range of the assay, which is 200μM, and six samples were tested. The samples were diluted by a totalfactor of 40. Two hundred μl of sample was needed for the assay. Sincethe samples were first diluted by 10 then diluted by 4, 50 μl of dilutedsample plus 150 μl of PBS was assayed. For the 10 mM GC samples, theywere also diluted first by 10 and then diluted by 5, therefore 40 μl ofthe diluted sample and 160 μl of PBS was assayed. For the bile acid zerocontrols, 200 μl of PBS was assayed. At this point all samples weretreated the same. The assay was performed in batches of no more than 70tubes. The samples were placed in the 37° C. water bath. Using a repeatpipetter 0.5 ml of test reagent was added to each tube at a consistentpace. The timer was started at the same time that the test reagent wasadded to the first tube. After 5 minutes the reaction was stopped byadding 100 μl of 1.33M phosphoric acid at the same pace that the testreagent was added. The samples were poured into 1.5 ml plastic cuvetsand read on a spectrometer at 530 nm. Samples were only stable for onehour.

Using absorbance data obtained from standard GC solutions, the percentof bile acid bound per 5 mg of sequestrant was calculated.Cholestyramine was tested in every assay for comparative purposes. Thebinding assay for a polymer was repeated if the three samples were notwithin the standard error of about 5% to 10% compared to each other.

                                      TABLE 7    __________________________________________________________________________                                   Solvent                                          Total  Final                                                     Polymer                              Wt   (Vol.  Solvent                                                 Counter                                                     Yield    Ex. No.        Composition           (g)  ratio) (mL)                                              Temp                                                 Ion (g)    __________________________________________________________________________    54  1,9-Dibromonane       11.08                                   DMAC/MeOH                                          26  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     6.19        1,4-Diaminobutane     3.41 1:1    55  1,11-Dibromoundecane  11.07                                   DMAC/MeOH                                          21  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     7.12        1,4-Diaminobutane     3.10 1:1    56  1,12-Dibromododecane  11.07                                   DMAC/MeOH                                          21  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     4.79        1,4-Diaminobutane     2.97 1:1    57  1,3-Butadiene Diepoxide                              3.98 MeOH   11  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     10.34        1,8-Diaminooctane     6.68    58  1,3-Butadiene Diepoxide                              3.81 MeOH   11  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     10.14        1,9-Diaminononane     7.00    59  1,3-Butadiene Diepoxide                              3.44 MeOH   10  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     9.81        1,10-Diaminodecane    6.88    60  1,2,7,8-Diepoxyoctane 4.37 MeOH   13  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     8.50        1,8-Diaminooctane     4.42    61  1,2,7,8-Diepoxyoctane 3.70 MeOH   10  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     7.63        1,10-Diaminodecane    4.47    62  1,2,7,8-Diepoxyoctane 1.17 DMAC/MeOH                                          19  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     8.20        1,8-Dibromooctane     6.72 1:1        1,8-Diaminooctane     4.74    63  1,2,7,8-Diepoxyoctane 2.29 DMAC/MeOH                                          17  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     8.21        1,8-Dibromooctane     4.37 1:1        1,8-Diaminooctane     4.63    64  trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene                              4.86 DMAC/MeOH                                          16  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     6.48        1,8-Diaminooctane     5.64 1:1    65  trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene                              4.84 DMAC/MeOH                                          16  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     7.03        1,9-Diaminononane     6.16 1:1    66  trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene                              4.61 DMAC/MeOH                                          16  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     6.55        1,10-Diaminodecane    6.39 1:1    67  1,10-Dibromodecane    7.94 DMAC/MeOH                                          18  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     7.66        Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine                              3.84 1:1    68  1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane                              3.0  DMF/MeOH                                          16  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     4.9        1,8-dibromooctane     9.1  1:1    69  hexamethylenediamine  2.9  DMF/MeOH                                          24  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     6.7        hexylamine            0.84 1:1        1,10-dibromodecane    10.0        sodium carbonate      3.5    70  hexamethylenediamine  1.93 DMF/MeOH                                          24  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     7.7        4-(aminomethyl)piperidine                              1.90 1:1        1,10-dibromodecane    10.0        sodium carbonate      3.5    71  1,4-butanediamine     1.47 DMF/MeOH                                          24  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     6.3        2-methylpentamethylene diamine                              1.93 1:1        1,10-dibromodecane    10.0    72  divinylbenzene        5.0  THF    20  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-                                                     2        hexanediamine         4.46        1,10-dibromodecane    3.41        n-BuLi1.6M (in hexane)                              2.26 mL    73  Jeffamine ® EDR-192    DMF/MeOH                                          24  reflux                                                 Cl.sup.-        (H.sub.2 NCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2        OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 NH.sub.2)                              3.2  1:1        1,10-dibromodecane    10.0        diethylenetriamine    1.7    __________________________________________________________________________

                  TABLE 8    ______________________________________    % BOUND GLYCOCHOLATE OF VARIOUS SEQUESTRANTS    Polymer of Ex. No.                  Swell Factor                              % Bound Glycocholate    ______________________________________    Cholestyramine.sup.c                  --          44-52.sup.a                              37-44.sup.b    Polymer by method 25.sup.d                  --          80.5.sup.a                              81.7.sup.b    54            13.6        76.9.sup.a    55            11.9        63.2.sup.a    56            19.9        52.2.sup.a    57            11.1        73.8.sup.a    58            13.2        72.4.sup.a    59            11.4        69.9.sup.a    60            16.2        67.2.sup.a    61            9.1         75.8.sup.a    62            18.1        71.9.sup.a    63            12.9        73.9.sup.a    64            11.2        74.0.sup.a    65            8.9         73.8.sup.a    66            12.0        71.0.sup.a    67            29.8        58.7.sup.a    68            4.4         66.2.sup.b    69            24.0        75.1.sup.b    70            22.5        82.6.sup.b    71            50.8        79.9.sup.a    72            39.1        80.2.sup.b    73            --          60.2.sup.a    ______________________________________     .sup.a After 10 min.     .sup.b After 18 hr.     .sup.c B.sub.max (μmoles/mg) = 3.13; Kd(mM) = 7.72     .sup.d B.sub.max (μmoles/mg) = 5.83; Kd(MM) = 1.58

EXAMPLES 74-97

In all of these Examples, bile acid sequestrants were made in thepresence of templates. B_(max) and K_(d) were determined by theligand-ligand method of Equation 2, as in Table 4. Percent in vitrobinding (of glcocholate) was determined the same way as for Table 8.

The following abbreviations are used:

DMAC--N,N-dimethylacetamide

DMF--N,N-dimethylformamide

EXAMPLE 74

Into a 1 L roundbottom flask equipped with a heating mantle, refluxcondenser, nitrogen inlet, and overhead stirrer was added 240 mL ofmethanol, 240 mL of DMF, and 100 g of sodium chloride. The mixture wasstirred to form a slurry, after which time 77.2 g (0.6667 mol) ofhexamethylenediamine and 200 g (0.6667 mol) of 1,10-dibromodecane wereadded. The mixture was heated with stirring at reflux for ˜45 minutesuntil a firm gel formed. After gel formation the stirring wasdiscontinued and the gel was left to stand at room temperatureovernight. The gel was then chopped/washed with aqueous ammoniumhydroxide, neutralized with water, acidified with HCl (60% conc. HCl/40%water), and washed till neutral with water. The product was then soxhletextracted for 4 days with methanol and 3 days with water. The resultingproduct was then dried in a 60° C. vacuum oven under a nitrogen purgeand ground in a coffee mill to yield 126 g (57.8%) of white polymer. Theswell measured to be 16.6 in water. B_(max) 5.24; K_(d) 1.13; B_(max)/K_(d) =4.64.

EXAMPLE 75

Into a 2 L three-necked roundbottom flask was added 300 mL of methanol,300 mL of DMAC, and 66.7 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) (Klucel JF).The mixture was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere until the HPCdissolved. After that time 71.2 g (0.613 mol) of hexamethylene diamineand 32.5 g (0.307 mol) of sodium carbonate were added, and the mixturewas stirred for about 5 minutes. After stirring, 1,10-dibromodecane(184.0 g, 0.613 mol) was then added, and the mixture was heated to 80°C. and maintained at that temperature until gelation occurred (˜55 min).The stirrer was then stopped and the polymer was allowed to stand at 35°C. overnight. The polymer was then removed from the flask and ground ina blender with an equal volume of 10% ammonium hydroxide. Afterfiltration and washing, the polymer was slurried in 10% ammoniumhydroxide for one hour. It was then filtered and washed until neutral,and then slurried in 100 mL 4N HCl for about 30 minutes. The polymer wasfiltered and again washed until neutral, giving a swollen gel. The gelwas purified by extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus for seven days withmethanol. The gel was dried for 3 days in a 60° C. vacuum oven, giving145.1 g (72.6%) of the polymer as a pale yellow solid. The swell was12.5 in water. B_(max) 4.74; K_(d) 1.22; B_(max) /K_(d=) 3.88.

Residual HPC could be monitored in the final polymer by IR (bands at˜1080 cm³¹ 1 for HPC) and C-13 NMR (broad peak ˜75-80). If a thoroughwash is accomplished, virtually no residual HPC is detected by thesemethods.

EXAMPLE 76

Into a 3 L three-necked round bottom flask equipped with a heatingmantle, overhead stirrer, condenser, and nitrogen inlet was added 120 gof poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate) (poly(HEMA)), 360 g of DMF and 360g of methanol. This mixture was stirred for an hour at 40° C. Once thepoly(HEMA) was completely dissolved, 120 g (1.03 mol) 1,6-hexanediamine,310.2 g (1.03 mol) 1,10-dibromodecane and 120 g (1.13 mol) sodiumcarbonate were added to the flask. The contents of the flask werestirred rapidly and heated to 80° C. The reaction mixture formed aslurried gel after ˜30 minutes. The stirring rate was reduced and theflask heated for an additional 6 hours. The contents of the flask werethen mixed with aqueous ammonium hydroxide and agitated for an hour atroom temperature. The polymer was then filtered and washed with waterrepeatedly. The polymer was then transferred to a large beaker andstirred with aqueous hydrochloric acid for about 30 minutes. The polymerwas then filtered and washed with water repeatedly. The swollen polymerwas slurried with methanol and transferred into 3 L thimbles for soxhletextraction. Polymer was first extracted with methanol and then withwater for 3 days each. The extracted polymer was dried in a vacuum ovenat ˜60° C. The dried polymer was ground to yield 243 g (72%) of desiredproduct. The polymer exhibited a swell of 18.7 in water. B_(max) 4.86;K_(d) 1.29; B_(max) /K_(d) =3.77.

EXAMPLE 77

Into a 100 mL flask equipped with a heating mantle, reflux condenser,nitrogen inlet, and overhead stirrer was added 12 mL DMF, 12 mLmethanol, and 20.0 g of cholesteryl chloride. The mixture was stirred toform a slurry; after which time 3.86 g (0.0333 mol) of hexamethylenediamine and 10.0 g (0.0333 mol) of 1,10-dibromodecane were added. Themixture was heated to reflux and stirred. After approximately 1 hour agel formed. The gel was stirred with heating for an additional 3 hoursand then allowed to stand at room temperature overnight. The resultingpolymer was chopped in a blender with methylene chloride, filtered,rinsed with additional methylene chloride, washed with methanol and thenwater. The polymer was then stirred with 50% aqueous ammonium hydroxide,washed with water, and reacidified with aqueous HCl. The material wasthen washed with water till the filtrate was neutral. This washingtreatment was repeated an additional 4 times and the polymer was driedin a 60° C. vacuum oven under a nitrogen purge to yield 7.33 g (67.3%)of the desired polymer. The swell was found to be 21.5 in water.

EXAMPLE 78

Into a 2 L three necked round bottom flask was added 157 mL methanol,157 mL DMAC, and 40.0 g hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) (Klucel LF). Themixture was stirred until the HPC dissolved. To this solution was added47.25 g (0.537 mol) 1,4-diaminobutane and 56.91 g (0.537 mol) sodiumcarbonate, and the mixture was stirred for about 5 minutes. At thispoint 161.07 g (0.537 mol) of 1,10-dibromodecane was added, and themixture was heated to reflux and maintained at that temperature untilgelation occurred (˜34 min). The resulting gel was heated at 30° C.overnight. The polymer was then removed from the flask and ground in ablender with an equal volume of 10% ammonium hydroxide. After filtrationand washing, the polymer was slurried in 10% ammonium hydroxide for onehour. It was then filtered and washed until neutral, and then slurriedin 1 L of 4N HCL for about 30 min. The polymer was filtered and againwashed until neutral, giving a swollen gel. The gel was slurried inmethanol, filtered, and then finally slurried in water and filtered.This cycle, starting with the ammonium hydroxide step, was repeated 4times. The gel was dried for 3 days in a 60° C. vacuum oven, giving109.16 g (68.2%) of the polymer as a pale yellow solid. The swell was14.8 in water. B_(max) 6.55; K_(d) 2.09; B_(max) /K_(d=) 3.13.

EXAMPLE 79

Into a 100 mL round bottom flask was added 11.5 mL of methanol, 11.5 mLof DMAC, and 3.0 g of polyvinylpyrolidone (24,000 MW) (PVP). The mixturewas stirred until the PVP dissolved. At that point 4.27 g (0.0368 mol)of hexamethylene diamine and 11.04 g (0.0368 mol) of 1,10-dibromodecanewere added. The mixture was reated to reflux and stirred until a firmgel formed (˜39 min). After gel formation the stirring was discontinuedand the gel was left to stand at room temperature overnight. The gel wasthen chopped/washed with aqueous ammonium hydroxide, neutralized withwater, acidified with HCl, and washed till neutral with water. Theproduct was then Soxhlet extracted for 3 days with methanol and 3 dayswith water. The resulting product was then dried in a 60° C. nitrogenpurged vacuum oven and ground in a coffee mill to yield 8.12 g (67.7%)of the desired polymer. The swell measured to be 9.1 in water; in vitrobinding of glycocholate was 71.6%.

EXAMPLE 80

Into a 100 mL round bottom flask was added 15 g DMF, 7.5 g methanol, and6.0 g of polyvinylacetate (PVAc). These ingredients were stirred untilthe PVAc dissolved after which time 2 g of DMF, 3 g of methanol, 15.5 g1,10-dibromodecane (0.0517 mol), and 6.0 g hexamethylenediamine (0.0517mol) were added to the flask. The mixture was heated to 80° C. andstirred for 30 min. After this time 2 g of sodium carbonate was added tothe reaction mixture. After an additional 30 min. of heating andstirring a gelled product formed. After allowing the gel to remain inthe reaction flask overnight, the gel was removed and chopped/washedwith aqueous ammonium hydroxide. The polymer was then washed with waterand reacidified with aqueous HCl. The gel was again washed with waterand extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus first with methanol for 3 days andthen with water for 3 days. The polymer was then dried in a nitrogenpurged vacuum oven at 60° C. and ground in a coffee mill to yield 14.6 gof desired product. The swell measured 14.9 in water and in vitrobinding of glycocholate was 79.4%.

EXAMPLES 81-97

The polymers of Examples 81-97 were prepared in essentially the samemanner as Example 74 except that the quantities used were 1/20th ofthose used in the original example (e.g., 12 mL of methanol, 12 mL ofDMF, 3.86 g of hexamethylenediamine, and 10 g of 1,10-dibromodecane).The template and the quantity of template used are shown in Table 9along with the resulting swell and in vitro glycocholate binding data(10 min. test):

                  TABLE 9    ______________________________________                              Water    % Binding    Example No.             Template g       Swell    Glycholate    ______________________________________    81       NaCl (2)         26.9     73.9    82       NaCl (10)        21.2     70.2    83       NaCl (20)        26.0     70.4    84       NaCl (30)        26.6     71.4    85       NaCl (40)        30.6     75.7    86       NaCl (50)        20.2     71.7    87       Na citrate (20)  14.4     72.4    88       methyl cholate (13.8)                              23.6     82.6    89       poly(tetramethylene glycol)                              19.4     80.3             (10)    90       rhamsan gum (10) 8.5      75.6    91       zein (2.7)       20.2     74.9    92       wheat starch (10)                              15.8     69.1    93       amaizo (10)      20.0     77.2    94       corn amylose (10)                              19.6     67.0    95       pomosin pectin (10)                              4.0      60.4    96       trehalose (12.6) 14.8     76.5    97       sodium carbonate (10)                              20.6     72.4    ______________________________________

In Vivo Testing

Groups of 5 male Golden Syrian hamsters were dosed with 100 mg and 250mg of sequestrant per kg of body weight per day for 2 weeks. Thesequestrant was mixed with standard hamster chow. Total serumcholesterol was measured by Dimension methodology before dosing to givea baseline for each animal. After the 2 week dosing, total serumcholesterol was measured again for each animal and the percentage changein total serum cholesterol from baseline was calculated. Results aregiven in Table 10.

                  TABLE 10    ______________________________________                   % Change from Baseline ± SEM                     100       250    Sequestrant of Example                     mg/kg/day mg/kg/day    ______________________________________    74               -16.5 ±                             2.6   -24.7 ±                                          1.3    control*         -4.2 ±                             1.8   -12.5 ±                                          3.6    75               -11.3 ±                             2.1   -12.0 ±                                          3.9**    control          -5.1 ±                             3.2   -8.4 ±                                          5.9**    76               -10.0 ±                             4.3   -23.3 ±                                          3.3    control*         -5.8 ±                             3.1   -11.6 ±                                          2.5    77               -17.1 ±                             2.4   -25.9 ±                                          0.6    control*         -13.6 ±                             3.4   -18.9 ±                                          1.0    78               -12.6 ±                             5.1   -18.1 ±                                          2.2    control*         -8.1 ±                             2.1   -15.1 ±                                          2.3    ______________________________________     *The "control" was a polymer prepared in the same manner as Examples 74-7     but without template present. As shown, the serum cholesterol * changes     were variable for each group of animals tested.     **Tested at 200 mg/kg/day.

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for preparing a crosslinked polymericammonium salt or polymeric amine gel bile acid sequestrant comprisingforming the crosslinked polymeric ammonium salt or polymeric amine in asuitable solvent, wherein a template is present when the cross linkedpolymeric ammonium salt or polymeric amine gels, and wherein thetemplate is selected from the group consisting of trehalose, galactose,lactose, sucrose, and a metal acetate, propionate, butyrate, salicylate,gluconate, ascorbate or citrate.
 2. A process for preparing acrosslinked polymeric ammonium saltcomprising ammonium nitrogen atomslinked by segments to other ammonium nitrogen atoms, wherein:about 25%or more of the segments which link ammonium nitrogen atoms are group Ywherein each Y is independently

    --(CR.sup.1 R.sup.2).sub.b --

wherein b is an integer of 7 to about 20, and each R¹ and R² isindependently alkyl or hydrogen; the remainder of the nitrogen atoms arelinked by segments Z wherein each Z is independently a hydrocarbyleneradical containing 2 to 50 carbon atoms, said hydrocarbylene radicaloptionally containing one or more hydroxyl, ether, amino, thioether,keto, or silyl groups or heterocyclic rings; wherein about 25% or moreof the ammonium nitrogen atoms are secondary ammonium nitrogen atoms;wherein said crosslinked polymeric ammonium salt is insoluble in water;andwith the proviso that at least some of said ammonium nitrogen atomsare part of a crosslinked network, said process comprising:reacting in asuitable solvent a bifunctional organic compound of the formula X--Y--Xor X--Z--X, where X is a leaving group suitable for amine alkylations,and a diamine, of the formula H₂ N--Y--NH₂ or H₂ N--Z--NH₂, to form agel, wherein the gel is formed in the presence of a template, andwherein the template is selected from the group consisting of trehalose,galactose, lactose, sucrose, and a metal acetate, propionate, butyrate,salicylate, gluconate, ascorbate or citrate.
 3. A process of claim 2wherein the bifunctional organic compound and the diamine are present inthe reaction in a mole ratio of 0.9 to 1.4.
 4. A process of claim 2wherein the template is present in an amount of 5 to 500% by weightrelative to the total reaction weight in the absence of template.
 5. Amethod of claim 2 wherein the bifunctional organic compound is selectedfrom: 1,10-dibromodecane, 1,12-dibromododecane, 1,8-dibromooctane,1,18-dibromooctadecane, 1,9-dibromononane, 1,7-dibromoheptane,1,8-diiodooctane, 1,8-dibromo-3-ethyloctane, and 1,9-dibromodecane,1,10-dichlorodecane, 1,12-dichlorododecane, 1,8-dichlorooctane,1,18-dichlorooctadecane, 1,9-dichlorononane, 1,7-dichloroheptane,1,8-dichlorooctane, 1,8-dichloro-3-ethyloctane, and 1,9-dichlorodecane,1,9-diepoxydecane, 1,11-diepoxydodecane, 1,7-diepoxyoctane,1,17-diepoxyoctadecane, 1,8-diepoxynonane, 1,6-diepoxyheptane,1,7-diepoxyoctane, and 1,7-diepoxy-3-ethyloctane, 1,9-diaziridinodecane,1,11-diaziridinododecane, 1,7-diaziridinooctane,1,17-diaziridinooctadecane, 1,8-diaziridinononane,1,6-diaziridinoheptane, 1,7-diaziridinooctane, and1,7-diaziridino-3-ethyloctane.
 6. A method of claim 2 wherein thediamine is selected from: ethylene diamine, 1,6-diaminohexane,1,12-diaminododecane, 2-methyl-1,5-diaminopentane,1,4-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, 1,3-diaminopentane, diethylenetriamine,1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine, 1,4-cyclohexanediamine,5-amino-1-aminomethyl-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexane, 1,3-propanediamine,1,4-butanediamine, 1,5-pentanediamine, 1,7-heptanediamine,1,8-diaminooctane, 1,9-diaminononane, 1,10-diaminodecane,1,11-diaminoundecane, 2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediamine, and4,4'-methylene-bis(cyclohexylamine).
 7. A method of claim 2 wherein thebifunctional organic compound is selected from: 1,10-dibromodecane,1,12-dibromododecane, 1,8-dibromooctane, 1,18-dibromooctadecane,1,9-dibromononane, 1,7-dibromoheptane, 1,8-diiodooctane,1,8-dibromo-3-ethyloctane, and 1,9-dibromodecane, 1,10-dichlorodecane,1,12-dichlorododecane, 1,8-dichlorooctane, 1,18-dichlorooctadecane,1,9-dichlorononane, 1,7-dichloroheptane, 1,8-dichlorooctane,1,8-dichloro-3-ethyloctane, and 1,9-dichlorodecane, 1,9-diepoxydecane,1,11-diepoxydodecane, 1,7-diepoxyoctane, 1,17-diepoxyoctadecane,1,8-diepoxynonane, 1,6-diepoxyheptane, 1,7-diepoxyoctane, and1,7-diepoxy-3-ethyloctane.
 8. A method of claim 2 wherein thebifunctional organic compound is selected from: 1,10-dibromodecane,1,12-dibromododecane, 1,8-dibromooctane, 1,18-dibromooctadecane,1,9-dibromononane, 1,7-dibromoheptane, 1,8-diiodooctane,1,8-dibromo-3-ethyloctane, and 1,9-dibromodecane, 1,9-diepoxydecane,1,11-diepoxydodecane, 1,7-diepoxyoctane, 1,17-diepoxyoctadecane,1,8-diepoxynonane, 1,6-diepoxyheptane, 1,7-diepoxyoctane, and1,7-diepoxy-3-ethyloctane.